#16
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Цитата:
Однако, это эффект этанола. Проблема в другом - в отсутствии настоящего пива! То что поставляет наша промышленность - просто суррогат. |
#17
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Да, и эта ерунда в свете омоложения потребителей спиртного становится важной... Одно дело, когда пьет здоровый мужик, у которого с этим делом все в порядке... другое дело - подросток, у которого до порядка в гормонах еще плыть и плыть...
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Lead, follow, or get out of the way. — Thomas Paine |
#18
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А что, половые гормоны влияют на сексуальную ориентацию?
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#19
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Уважаемый Артемий!
Из недавнего по вопросу: Similar to the situation in other mammals, the role of androgens in the sexual differentiation process of the human is manifest. With regard to the effects of androgens on the sexual differentiation process of the brain and later in life on sexual functioning the situation is complex. Effects on androgens can be identified, both in clinical studies of subjects whose sexual differentiation process has not followed the normal track and very clearly in morphological studies of sex-dimorphic structures of the brain. In the latter, the abundance of androgen (and estrogen) receptors argues in favor of effects of androgens (and of estrogens) on these structures. But whatever the prenatal/postnatal androgen effects on the brain are, clinical observations show that other factors are likely to be superimposed on these androgen effects. In lower mammals androgens have a robotlike on- and -off effect on sexual functioning. While androgen effects are still recognizable in primates, they are no longer the sole factor in their sexual functioning. However, what these other factors are is not yet very clear. Clinical studies offer leads, but these leads are, scientifically speaking, at a descriptive level; the human situation usually allows no thorough testing of assumptions based on these leads. With regard to gender identity development effects of androgens have been convincingly demonstrated in subjects whose sexual differentiation process has not been normal (for review: Wilson, 1999), and also morphological studies point to androgen/estrogen sensitivity of sex dimorphic brain structures, which is particularly evident in the sex-reversed BSTc in the transsexual brain ( Zhou; Fern; Kruijver and Kruijver). The development of gender identity in some intersexed subjects challenges the idea of androgens as sole factors. The latter is particularly true for transsexuals. Apparently, a male gender identity may develop without evidence of an androgenic stimulus in female-to-male transsexuals. Conversely, the probable effects of androgens on gender identity formation might in male-to-female transsexuals be overridden by as yet unknown factors. The above reasoning applies largely also to sexual orientation. Morphological studies of the human brain to date do not point to androgens as a strong factor at the receptor level, but clinical observations support a role for androgens. Similar to the situation in transsexuals, there is no evidence of a difference in androgen exposure/action in homosexual subjects compared with their heterosexual counterparts, and it remains mysterious what factors can override plausible androgen factors in the development of sexual orientation. Androgens exert a profound effect on sexual interest, less so on erectile function, though the two are interrelated. There is no demonstrable effect on the idiosyncrasies of sexual likes and dislikes (Money, 1986). The latter applies also to parphilias. A number of nonsexual mental functions are influenced by androgens, possibly by prenatal programing effects but also by actually circulating testosterone levels. Men perform better on tasks requiring spatial abilities and women outperform men on verbal fluency. Particularly spatial abilities appear to be influenced by circulating androgen levels. It is of note, however, that these sex differences are group differences. Education, training and experience are all factors affecting spatial ability and verbal fluency. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men has mood elevating effects. Men with clinical depressions are often found to have lowered testosterone levels. Testosterone administration to these men did not produce unequivocally positive effects, maybe because their low testosterone levels were secondary to their state of depression rather than at the root of their mood state. The final conclusion must be that in the human androgens act on the brain in an interface of nature and nurture, which is not only the case in humans but also in other primates (Wallen, 2001). A contribution of androgens to the establishment of gender identity and sexual orientation, and to behavior and cognition is very plausible, but the human experience confronts us with enigmatic factors which probably can override or compete with androgen mediated effects during sexual brain development. With the focus on sex steroids, neurogenetic studies may have been undervalued in this regard. Both refined clinical observations and morphological studies of the brain and their relations with sex steroids will advance our knowledge. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002 Dec 30;198(1-2):31-40. Androgens and male behavior. Gooren LJ, Kruijver FP. Department of Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. |
#20
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Население ест... пиво [Мednovosti.ru]
Баварские кондитеры смогли соединить несоединимое - шоколад и пиво. Они сделали белые трюфели и наполнили их пивной начинкой. Покупатели уверяют, что конфеты очень вкусные (судя по всему, эти покупатели – немцы). Несмотря на то, что продукт явно рассчитан на любителя, от желающих приобрести шоколадные конфеты с пивной начинкой просто нет отбоя. И мировая общественность не находит ничего странного в том, что баварцы полюбили новые конфеты – любят же финны конфеты с водочной начинкой, выпускаемые известной фирмой Fazer... Достоверно известно, что на создание экзотического лакомства кондитеров вдохновили конфеты с коньяком. Несомненно, был учтён местный колорит – в Баварии пиво причисляют к основным продуктам потребительской карзины. О питательной ценности продукта, его калорийности и совместимости с новомодными диетами ничего не сообщается. Однако если учесть данные последних исследований о пользе умеренного употребления шоколада и пива для здоровья человека, новые конфеты, скорее всего, можно будет смело занести в список лекарственных препаратов. |