#1
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Àíåñòåçèÿ ïðè ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîì øîêå
Õî÷ó ïîèíòåðåñîâàòüñÿ Âàøèìè ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿìè ïðè ðàáîòå ñ áîëüíûìè, êàê ó íàñ ãîâîðÿò,"áåç ïóëüñà áåç äàâëåíèÿ" íà ôîíå ìàññèâíîãî êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ. Ðàáîòàÿ â äâóõ ðàçëè÷íûõ ïî ïðîôèëþ ñòàöèîíàðàõ ñòàëêèâàþñü ñ ðàçëè÷èÿìè â òàêòèêå. À òàê êàê ÿâëÿþñü ìîëîäûì ñïåöèàëèñòîì, ïðèõîäèòñÿ ñëåäîâàòü èíñòðóêöèÿì çàâåäóþùåãî, êîòîðûé óäèâëÿåòñÿ "ãäå òàêîìó ó÷àò?". Õî÷åòñÿ ðàçîáðàòüñÿ âñåæå êàê ïðàâèëüíî, à íå ïîäñòðàèâàòüñÿ ïîä "êòî êàê ïðèâûê". Ìîæåò åñòü èíòåðåñíûå ññûëêè? Èíòåðåñóþò ïðåæäå âñåãî ñëåäóþùèå âîïðîñû:
1.Âûáîð àíåñòåòèêà íà èíäóêöèþ è ïîääåðæàíèå àíåñòåçèè,äîçèðîâêè. 2.×åì ïðîâîäèòü îáåçáîëèâàíèå òàêèõ áîëüíûõ? 3.Êàê ìåíÿåòñÿ òàêòèêà íà ýòàïàõ äî îñòàíîâêè êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ è ïîñëå õèðóðãè÷åñêîãî ãåìîñòàçà? 4.Èíôóçèîííàÿ òåðàïèÿ íà ýòàïå, êîãäà â îïåðàöèîííîé íåò ïðåïàðàòîâ êðîâè. Ñòîèò ëè ëþáîé öåíîé âîñïîëíÿòü ÎÖÊ, èíôóçèåé ðàñòâîðîâ â 3 âåíû,êîãäà íå ïðîèñõîäèò óëó÷øåíèÿ êèñëîðîäîòðàíñïîðòíîé ôóíêöèè êðîâè è èäåò ðàçáàâëåíèå ôàêòîðîâ ñâåðòûâàþùåé ñèñòåìû? 5.Âûáîð è äîçèðîâêè âàçîïðåññîðîâ, èñïîëüçîâàíèå îäíîãî ïðåïàðàòà â áîëüøîé äîçèðîâêå èëè êîìáèíàöèè? 6.Ðåèíôóçèÿ, äîïóñòèìî ëè ïðèìåíåíèå íå àïïàðàòíûõ ìåòîäîâ(ôèëüòðàöèÿ ÷åðåç 8 ñëîåâ ìàðëè)? Ìîæåò ó êîãî-òî åñòü îòðàáîòàííûå ñõåìû, ëè÷íûå íàáëþäåíèÿ? |
#2
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1. ôåíòàíèë+êåòàìèí (åñëè åñòü "÷óòîê äàâëåíèÿ" âèäåë êàê ïðîâîäèëè èíäóêöèþ íà êåòàìèí+äèïðèâàí- è íè÷åãî!)
2.ôåíòàíèë (+- êåòàìèí) 3-4 êàê ïðàâèëî îòêàçàòü ñåáå "äàòü õîðîøèé îáúåì" íåâîçìîæíî, êàê ïðèìåðíûé ïîêàçàòåëü- âûâåñòè ÖÂÄ íà ïðèåìëèìûå öèôðû. 5. äîïàìèí, àäåðíàëèí åñëè ñîâñåì âñå ïëîõî. Ïðè î÷åíü âûñîêîé òàõèêàðäèè- íåáîëüøèå äîçû ìåçàòîíà- äà ïëîõî, íî ïî ñóòè , íàâðåíîå ëó÷ùå ïîääåðæàòü öåíòðàëèçàöèþ, ÷åì íè÷åãî. 6. Ðåèíôóçèÿ íå àïïàðàòíûìè ìåòîäàìè çàïðåùåíà çàêîíîì. |
#3
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â ïðèíöèïå, áåç êåòàìèíà â äàíûõ ñèòóàöèÿõ íå îáîéòèñü ïëþñ ãèïíîòèê ìîæíî è áåíçîäèàçåïèíû íî ëóäøå äèïðèâàí èëè ýòîìèäàò ( èçâåíèòå " u menja ego tozhe malo"). áåç ïðåïàðàòàõ êðîâè òîæå ïëîõî. Ó íàñ âñå ñâèäåòåëè Èåãîâû ïðèõîäÿò ñ ìàòåðèàëàìè ãäå îïèñûâàþò âûçäîðîâëåíèå ó 98% ïàöèåíòîâ ñ óðîâíåì Hb 3mg/dl. Ìî¸ ìíåíèå, Âñå ïàöèåíòû ñ òàêèì óðîâíåì Hb óìèðàþò îò ñåïñèñà â ðåçóëüòàòå òðàíñëîêàöèè. À óðîâåíü Hb > 5ìã/äë õîðîøî ïîäà¸òñÿ ëå÷åíèþ ïðè èíîòðîïíïé ïîääåðæêå, íî ïðåïàðàòû êðîâè (êîíöåíòðàò åðèòðîöèòîâ, ñâåæåçàìîðîæåíàÿ ïëàçìà, êðèîïðåöèïèòàò) â ïðèíöåïå îáÿçàòåëüíû è ó âàñ åñòü âðåìÿ çàêàçàòü è èñêàòü êðîâü. áàçèñ ïîäåðæàíèÿ àðòåðèàëüíîãî äàâëåíèÿ èíîòðîïû è êîëîèäû. Àòèìèêðîáèàëüíàÿ òåðàïèÿ (íå ïðîôèëàêòèêà)è ë¸ãêèå ãåïàðèíû îáÿçàòåëüíû.
Èçâåíèòå åñëè îòáèëñÿ îò òåìû Ñ óâàæåíèåì |
#4
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[Ññûëêè äîñòóïíû òîëüêî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì ]
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#5
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Ñïàñèáî âñåì, êòî îòâåòèë. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ ïî ññûëêå îòêðûëàñü òîëüêî îäíà ñòàòüÿ, îñòàëüíûå ïî íåïîíÿòíûì ïðè÷èíàì íåäîñòóïíû.
Åùå âîïðîñ, ïðèìåíÿåò ëè êòî-íèáóäü ïðè ðàáîòå ñ ïîäîáíûìè áîëüíûìè ÃÎÌÊ? Ñóäÿ ïî ñîîáùåíèÿì äðóãèõ òåì, äàííûé ïðåïàðàò îòñóòñòâóåò â ñòàöèîíàðàõ. Ñåé÷àñ åãî êàòåãîðè÷åñêè íå ïðèìåíÿþò, èëè ýòî ñâÿçàííî ñ åãî îòñóòñòâèåì? Èìååò ëè ìåñòî â ñîâðåìåííîé àíåñòåçèîëîãèè êîìáèíàöèÿ ÃÎÌÊ+ êåòàìèí? Èñõîäÿ èç ëè÷íîãî îïûòà, äàííîå ñî÷åòàíèå ïîçâîëÿåò ïîäíÿòü ÀÄ íà ïåðèîä, êîãäà ïðîîèñõîäèò âîñïîëíåíèå ÎÖÊ. Êîãäà êðîâîòå÷åíèå îñòàíîâëåíî, à êðîâîïîòåðÿ âîñïîëíåíà, âûáîð ïðåïàðàòîâ äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ àíåñòåçèè ðàñøèðÿåòñÿ. Ïîýòîìó â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü èíòåðåñóåò ïåðèîä äî õèðóðãè÷åñêîé îñòàíîâêè êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ. |
#6
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1.Âûáîð àíåñòåòèêà íà èíäóêöèþ è ïîääåðæàíèå àíåñòåçèè,äîçèðîâêè
Êåòàìèí, ôåíòàíèë, äèàçåïàì, ìèäàçîëàì 2.×åì ïðîâîäèòü îáåçáîëèâàíèå òàêèõ áîëüíûõ? Êåòàìèí è ôåíòàíèë - êàê è íà èíäóêöèþ è ïîääåðæàíèå. 3.Êàê ìåíÿåòñÿ òàêòèêà íà ýòàïàõ äî îñòàíîâêè êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ è ïîñëå õèðóðãè÷åñêîãî ãåìîñòàçà? Ãëîáàëüíîå îòëè÷èå òàêòèêè äî îñòàíîâêè êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ - âîçìåùåíèå ÎÖÊ ñòîèò íà ñàìîì ïåðâîì ìåñòå è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèîðèòåòíîé çàäà÷åé. Ïðè ìàññèðîâàííîì êðîâîòå÷åíèè ìîæåò çàìåòíî óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ ðàñõîä ïàðåíòåðàëüíûõ àíåñòåòèêîâ è àíàëãåòèêîâ - âñëåäñòâèè ìàññèâíîé äèëþöèè, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü. 4.Èíôóçèîííàÿ òåðàïèÿ íà ýòàïå, êîãäà â îïåðàöèîííîé íåò ïðåïàðàòîâ êðîâè. Ñòîèò ëè ëþáîé öåíîé âîñïîëíÿòü ÎÖÊ, èíôóçèåé ðàñòâîðîâ â 3 âåíû,êîãäà íå ïðîèñõîäèò óëó÷øåíèÿ êèñëîðîäîòðàíñïîðòíîé ôóíêöèè êðîâè è èäåò ðàçáàâëåíèå ôàêòîðîâ ñâåðòûâàþùåé ñèñòåìû? Áåçóñëîâíî, ñòîèò. Ãàçîòðàíñïîðòíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ êðîâè ñíèæàåòñÿ ïðè ïàäåíèè óðîâíÿ ãåìîãëîáèíà, íî è ñðàâíèòåëüíî ìàëîå åãî êîëè÷åñòâî ñïîñîáíî äîâîëüíî äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ îáåñïå÷èâàòü òðàíñïîðò êèñëîðîäà, îñîáåííî ïðè âåíòèëÿöèè ãèïåðîêñè÷åñêèìè ñìåñÿìè. À âîò îñòàíîâêà "ïóñòîãî" ñåðäöà - îïàñíîñòü ãîðàçäî áîëåå ðåàëüíàÿ. Ïðè ìàññèðîâàííîì êðîâîòå÷åíèè íå ñòîëü âàæíî, êàêîé èìåííî ñðåäîé âû áóäåòå íàïîëíÿòü ñîñóäèñòîå ðóñëî, ãëàâíîå - íàïîëíÿòü. 5.Âûáîð è äîçèðîâêè âàçîïðåññîðîâ, èñïîëüçîâàíèå îäíîãî ïðåïàðàòà â áîëüøîé äîçèðîâêå èëè êîìáèíàöèè? ×òî åñòü - òî è èñïîëüçóéòå. Äîôàìèì, ìåçàòîí, àäðåíàëèí - âñå îíè ïðèìåíèìû. Òîëüêî íå çàáûâàéòå, ÷òî ëþáûå ïðåññîðû íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü íà ôîíå ìàññèâíîé èíôóçèè. Êîìáèíàöèè âîçìîæíû, íî, íà ìîé âçãëÿä, ïðèìåíåíèå èõ íåîïðàâäàííî - îáû÷íî íà÷èíàþò ñ äîôàìèíà, åñëè òðåáóåòñÿ äîçà áîëåå 20-30 ìêã\êã\ìèí - èìååò ñìûñë ïåðåéòè íà àäðåíàëèí. 6.Ðåèíôóçèÿ, äîïóñòèìî ëè ïðèìåíåíèå íå àïïàðàòíûõ ìåòîäîâ(ôèëüòðàöèÿ ÷åðåç 8 ñëîåâ ìàðëè)?  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïîñëåäíèìè òðàíñôóçèîëîãè÷åñêèìè ïðèêàçàìè, íàñêîëüêî ÿ çíàþ, ïîäîáíûå ìåòîäèêè íå ðàçðåøåíû. Ðåèíôóçèÿ - òîëüêî ïîñëå ñåëë-ñåéâåðà. |
#7
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Öèòàòà:
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#8
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À êàêîé ñìûñë êîìáèíèðîâàòü ÃÎÌÊ è êåòàìèí?
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#9
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Öèòàòà:
Ïîâûøåíèå ÀÄ ó áîëüíûõ ñ íåîñòàíîâëåííûì êðîâîòå÷åíèåì óâåëè÷èâàåò ñòåïåíü êðîâîïîòåðè, ñïîñîáñòâóåò ðàçâèòèþ êîàãóëîïàòèè, ðåñïèðàòîðíîãî äèñòðåññ-ñèíäðîìà. Ðÿä èññëåäîâàíèé íà ìîäåëè æèâîòíûõ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî òàêòèêà ñäåðæàííîãî âîçìåùåíèÿ áûëà ñâÿçàíà ñ ëó÷øèì ïðîãíîçîì.  èññëåäîâàíèè Dutton ñ ñîàâòîðàìè, (Dutton RP, Mackenzie CF, Scalea TM: Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage: impact on in-hospital mortality) íå áûëî ðàçíèöû â ëåòàëüíîñòè ìåæäó äâóìÿ ãðóïïàìè ïàöèåíòîâ ñ ïðîäîëæàþùèìñÿ êðîâîòå÷åíèåì â îäíîé èç êîòîðûõ èñïîëüçîâàëè ïðîòîêîë âîëåìè÷åñêîãî âîçìåùåíèÿ äî öåëåâûõ öèôð ñèñòîëè÷åñêîãî ÀÄ 100 ìì ðò ñò à â äðóãîé - äî öåëåâûõ öèôð 70 ìì ðò ñò. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ ññûëîê - ïîèñê ðåøàåò - ïî êëþ÷åâûì ôðàçàì â ïàáìåäå, ìåäñêåéïå, íà guideline.gov, ïî îòäåëüíûì æóðíàëàì .. â ãóãëå, íàêîíåö. Âîò, íàïðèìåð íåïëîõîé îáçîð íà ñàéòå ccforum.com |
#10
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Öèòàòà:
Öèòàòà:
Âûäåðæêà îòòóäà: «Ïîÿâèëîñü ìíîæåñòâî ôàêòîâ, êàê ëàáîðàòîðíûõ, ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ, òàê è êëèíè÷åñêèõ, ïðèâåäøèõ ê èçìåíåíèþ òàêòèêè èíòåíñèâíîé òåðàïèè ïðè ìàññèâíîé êðîâîïîòåðå. Ýòè ôàêòû ïîäòâåðäèëè ãèïîòåçó î òîì, ÷òî ýíåðãè÷íîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå æèäêîñòè ïðè íåêîíòðîëèðóåìîì êðîâîòå÷åíèè ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ïëîõèì ïðîãíîçîì. Ñóùåñòâóþò äàííûå î òîì, ÷òî îãðàíè÷åííàÿ èíôóçèÿ ðàñòâîðîâ äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ ÀÄ íà óðîâíå îêîëî 40 ìì ðò. ñò. ïîìîãàåò ñîõðàíèòü íåêîòîðóþ ïåðôóçèþ òêàíåé â îïûòàõ íà æèâîòíûõ ñ íåêîíòðîëèðóåìûì êðîâîòå÷åíèåì áåç óâåëè÷åíèÿ ñìåðòíîñòè è ÷àñòîòû ðàçâèòèÿ ïîáî÷íûõ ýôôåêòîâ. Ñðàâíåíèå äëèòåëüíîñòè ïåðâè÷íîãî êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ ïîêàçàëî äîñòîâåðíîå óâåëè÷åíèå âðåìåíè êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ êàê ïîñëå ââåäåíèÿ àóòîêðîâè, òàê è ïîñëå ñîëåâûõ ðàñòâîðîâ. Îáúåì êðîâîïîòåðè â ãðóïïå ñîáàê ñ íåêîíòðîëèðóåìûì íåêîìïåíñèðóåìûì êðîâîòå÷åíèåì áûë äîñòîâåðíî íèæå, ÷åì ó æèâîòíûõ, êîòîðûì ïåðåëèâàëè àóòîêðîâü èëè ñîëåâûå ðàñòâîðû. Óðîâåíü ëåòàëüíîñòè áûë ñîîòâåòñòâåííî 43%, 78% è 69%. Êðîìå òîãî, ðÿä êëèíè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ ïîäòâåðæäàåò, ÷òî îòñðî÷åííàÿ ðåàíèìàöèÿ ïîâûøàåò âûæèâàåìîñòü ïàöèåíòîâ ñ ïðîíèêàþùèì ðàíåíèåì ãðóäíîé êëåòêè. Ãåìîäèëþöèÿ – åùå îäèí ôàêòîð, êîòîðûé ìîæåò óñèëèâàòü êðîâîòå÷åíèå íå òîëüêî çà ñ÷åò èçìåíåíèÿ ðåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ êðîâè, íî è â ñâÿçè ñ êîìïåíñàòîðíûì âîçðàñòàíèåì ñåðäå÷íîãî âûáðîñà è ïðè âîññòàíîâëåíèè ÎÖÊ, âåñòè ê óâåëè÷åíèþ ñêîðîñòè êðîâîòîêà.» Íà ïðàêòèêå â ñâÿçè ñ öåíòðàëèçàöèåé ñëóæáû ïåðåëèâàíèÿ êðîâè äî ìîìåíòà äîñòàâêè ýð. ìàññû è ÑÇÏ â îïåðàöèîííóþ ïðîèñõîäèò ãåìîäèëþöèÿ è ê ñîæàëåíèþ áîëüíûå óìèðàþò îò îòåêà(ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà, ëåãêèõ), ëèáî ðàçâîðà÷èâàåòñÿ êëèíèêà ÄÂÑ-ñèíäðîìà. Ïî ýòîé ñàìîé ïðè÷èíå èíòåðåñóþñü, åñòü ëè îïûò ðàáîòû ñ ñîáëþäåíèåì äàííûõ ïðèíöèïîâ, ò.ê. â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïîëüçû îò ìàññèâíîé èíôóçèè êðèñòàëëîèäîâ/êîëëîèäîâ íå âèæó. |
#11
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Âîçâðàùàÿñü ê íå ñàìîìó âàæíîìó àñïåêòó òåìû - îá àíåñòåòèêàõ.
Èç íå î÷åíü íîâîãî îáçîðà [Ññûëêè äîñòóïíû òîëüêî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì ] Management of anaesthetic agents There are no specific data available in the literature regarding the effect of haemorrhagic shock on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anaesthetic agents in children. Therefore, the management of anaesthetic agents during haemorrhagic shock in children must be extrapolated from data mainly obtained from experimental studies, or from studies of adult patients. The cardiovascular compensation during haemorrhage, which involves to an important extent the arterial baroreceptor reflex, the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathoadrenal system, is affected by general anaesthesia, as most anaesthetics modify almost every aspect of this cardiovascular response. It is common clinical practice to reduce the dose or concentration of anaesthetic agent in patients suffering from haemorrhagic shock. The clinical rationale for this practice is that reducing anaesthetic doses will prevent haemodynamic depression and prolonged anaesthetic effect. In the case where the haemodynamic status is and/or remains unstable, low doses of opioids (repeated bolus doses of fentanyl or sufentanil) are preferred to benzodiazepines. Volatile anaesthetics are the anaesthetic agents of choice in stabilised patients suffering from haemorrhage, because they provide some degree of analgesia and amnesia, and their concentration is easily and rapidly adjustable, and because they induce less deleterious metabolic changes than intravenous anaesthetics [5]. Isoflurane has been proposed as the agent of choice, as it is poorly metabolised (0.17%) and has as its main adverse effect is a foreseeable and controllable vasodilatation. However, the minimal alveolar concentration is reduced in case of hypoxia and anaemia [6], and the concentration of isoflurane must be decreased. Good haemodynamic tolerance of nitrous oxide (N2O) has been shown in normovolemic patients, where the direct myocardial depressant effect of N2O is counterbalanced by a mild sympathetic stimulation. Conversely, in case of hypovolemia, nitrous oxide induces a cardiovascular depression that is not different from that caused by equipotent concentration of halothane [7], and should therefore be avoided. The inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2) must be adjusted to obtain a SpO2 of more than 95%, and is therefore often set at 100% in haemorragic shock. Because haemorrhagic shock may interfere with the metabolism and elimination of muscle relaxants, the use of a monitoring is important. Ïîðûñêàë ñïåöèàëüíî íàñ÷åò äîçèðîâîê àíåñòåòèêîâ - "äèëþöèîííûõ" ñîîáðàæåíèé íå îáíàðóæèë. Õîòÿ êàê ïðîâåñòè èññëåäîâàíèå ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè, öåííûìè äëÿ ïðàêòèêè, ïðîáëåìàòè÷íî... Åñòü ñòàòüè, óêàçûâàþùèå íà öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòü ñíèæåíèÿ äîçèðîâîê îïèàòîâ, ïðîïîôîëà â óñëîâèÿõ ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîãî øîêà è ðåñóñöèòàöèè. Èç â/â àíåñòåòèêîâ îñíîâíîé, ðàçóìååòñÿ, êåòàìèí. Åñòü òàêæå óêàçàíèÿ íà ïðîáëåìó ñîõðàíåíèÿ ñîçíàíèÿ ïðè àíåñòåçèè èìåííî â óñëîâèÿõ ìàññèâíîé êðîâîïîòåðè. Öèòàòà:
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Ïîýòîìó â òàêîé ñèòóàöèè ïðèõîäèòñÿ äîáàâëÿòü. |
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ïðèâåò ÷åñòíîìó íàðîäó!
ó íàñ èíäóêöèÿ êåò+ôåíòàíèë,èëè ãîìê+ôåíòàíèë(ïðè "0")äàâëåíèè,åñëè ïîçâîëÿåò àä, òî á/ä+ ôåíòàíèë,áàçèñ àíàëîãè÷íî ,âñ¸ ýòî íà ôîíå ñòðóéíîãî ââåäåíèÿ ðàñòâîðîâ, + ñëåäû ìåçàòîíà.Ïî õîäó ïüåñû ñòàâèòñÿ íåîáõîäèìîå êîëè÷åñòâî öåíòðîâ(ÿðåìêè ,3-4) ãäå âîçìåùàåòñÿ îáú¸ì, è ñõîäèì ñ ìåçàòîíà,àäðåíàëèí ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èñïîëüçóåì.ÈÒÒ-êîëëîèäû+ êðèñ.=1:1,ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè ýð ìàññà èëè îòìûòûå, ÷àùå åñëè ïîçâîëÿåò ëàêòàêò-òðàíñôóçèè â ÎÐÈÒ(êîãäà áîëåå-ìåíåå âîçìåñòèòñÿ ÎÖÊ è óéä¸òå ñ ìåçàòîíà).Êàê ãîâîðÿò íàøè ñòàðûå âîëêè-ãëàâíîå ÷òîáû â ñîñóäàõ áûëà æèäêîñòü,à ïîòîì ïðè ðàçðåøåíèè êðîâîòå÷åíèÿ âîçìåñòèòü ÎÖÝ. ðàñ÷¸ò ìåäèêàìåíòîâ - äîçû âûøå,òê èä¸ò ïîòåðÿ ñ êðîâüþ, à áîëüíûå -æèâûå ëþäè è èì áîëüíî, íàäååòñÿ íà àóòîâûáðîñ êàòåõîëàìèíîâ-êàê-òî íå ãóìàííî. |
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