Инфекционный контроль

[Наталья П.]

European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel
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International guidelines for the prevention and management of pressure ulcers - visit the new Pressure Ulcer Guidelines website for more information: [Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ]

[Наталья П.]

Кохрановский обзор

Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007 Issue 2 (Status: New)
Date of Most Recent Substantive Amendment: 16 February 2007

Abstract


Background
Electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs) are marketed to prevent mosquitoes biting and to prevent malaria.


Objectives
To assess whether EMRs prevent mosquito bites, and to assess any evidence of an effect on malaria infection.


Search strategy
In August 2006, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, and the Science Citation Index. We also checked conference proceedings, contacted international specialist centres and EMR manufacturers, and checked reference lists.


Selection criteria
Field entomological studies, which controlled for geographic site, time, and attractiveness of human participants, of EMRs for preventing mosquito bites; and randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of EMRs to prevent malaria infection.


Data collection and analysis
Two authors assessed trial quality, and extracted and analysed the data.


Main results
Ten field entomological studies met the inclusion criteria. All 10 studies found that there was no difference in the number of mosquitoes caught from the bare body parts of the human participants with or without an EMR. No randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of EMR on malaria infection were found.


Authors' conclusions
Field entomological studies confirm that EMRs have no effect on preventing mosquito bites. Therefore there is no justification for marketing them to prevent malaria infection.



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Plain language summary
Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection

Malaria is a major health problem that particularly affects people living in sub-Saharan Africa and other tropical parts of the world. It often causes considerable morbidity and mortality especially in children under five. It is transmitted by mosquito bites from infected female mosquitoes. Several strategies and approaches are available for preventing mosquito bites and malaria infection, including repellents, and these approaches will be considered by those living in affected areas and by travellers to areas where there is high risk of infection. Electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs) are designed to repel female mosquitoes by emitting high-pitched sounds almost inaudible to the human ear. EMRs are claimed by their manufacturers to be effective in repelling mosquitoes and preventing disease. No randomized controlled trials were found, but 10 field studies looking at the number of mosquitoes caught on the bare body parts of humans were assessed. These studies were conducted in various parts of the world with different species of mosquitoes and were controlled for factors such as locality and timing. One study used just one observer with seven observations, while the highest assessment included 18 observers with 324 observations. There was no evidence in the field studies to support any repelling effects of EMRs, hence no evidence to support their promotion or use. Future randomized controlled trials are not proposed as there was no suggestion in the field studies that EMRs show any promise as a preventive measure against malaria.

[Наталья П.]

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Fee based service with summaries of medical journal articles in the field of Infectious Disease.

[Наталья П.]

the Library of the University of Leicester, UK
Avian and Pandemic Influenza

[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ].

[Наталья П.]

Frequent Travelers and Rate of Spread of Epidemics

T. Dйirdre Hollingsworth, Neil M. Ferguson, and Roy M. Anderson

Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling,
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Imperial College London, United Kingdom

Emerging Infectious Diseases journal Volume 13, Number 9, September 2007


Available online at:
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"......A small proportion of air travelers make disproportionately more journeys than the rest of travelers. They also tend to interact predominantly with other frequent travelers in hotels and airport lounges.
This group has the potential to accelerate global spread of infectious respiratory diseases. Using an epidemiologic model, we simulated exportation of cases from severe acute respiratory syndrome-like and influenza-like epidemics in a population for which a small proportion travel more frequently than the rest.

Our simulations show that frequent travelers accelerate international spread of epidemics only if they are infected early in an outbreak and the outbreak does not expand rapidly. If the epidemic growth rate is high, as is likely for pandemic influenza, heterogeneities in travel are frequently overwhelmed by the large number of infected persons in the majority population and the
resulting high probability that some of these persons will take an international flight....."

[Наталья П.]

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Community-Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) entering blood with helpless white blood cells unable to stop them. This harmless bacteria that people carry on their skin, has now suddenly becomes a dangerous predator immune to antibiotics, chemical wash and antiseptic is threatening us all.

[Наталья П.]

PATH launches new Vaccine Resource Library


PATH is pleased to announce the launch of its redesigned and upgraded Vaccine Resource library (VRL). The VRL seeks to gather the leading immunization resources in a single, easy-to-use website.


Visitors will find the new website flexible and easier to navigate. The VRL offers a wide variety of high-quality, scientifically accurate documents and links on specific diseases and topics in immunization. The resources are organized in a web-based database that provides a number of ways to view information and access content.


Materials on the site are collected from a variety of sources, such as news media, scientific journals, and leaders in public health. Subjects included range from diseases and vaccines like influenza, hepatitis B, and rotavirus, to related immunization topics such as injection safety, service delivery, and immunization financing.


The VRL is geared for health professionals in the developing and industrialized worlds, as well as journalists, policymakers, community leaders, parents, and anyone else interested in vaccine-related resources.


Visit PATH's new Vaccine Resource Library at:
[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ]

[Наталья П.]

Поисковая система Google запустила приложение, которое поможет американским медикам отслеживать сезонные эпидемии гриппа, пишет BBC News.

Программа, название которой можно перевести как "Тенденции гриппа от Google" (Google Flu Trends [Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ] ), отслеживает территории, где разгорается заболевание, по ключевым словам, которые люди вводят в поисковые системы.

О результатах своей работы программа автоматически информирует региональные центры США по контролю и предотвращению заболеваний в режиме реального времени. "Мы обнаружили, что поиск по некоторым ключевым словам может стать хорошим индикатором распространения заболевания", - говорится на сайте программы.

Google утверждает, что новое приложение способно выявлять эпидемии гриппа на раннем этапе - на две недели раньше, чем данные о заболевании официально появятся у врачей. Очень часто, почувствовав первые симптомы гриппа, люди сначала ищут информацию о болезни и лекарствах в сети и уже потом обращаются к врачу. Разработчики программы Джереми Гинсберг и Мэтт Моэби утверждают, что обнаружили тесную связь между количеством поисковых запросов о гриппе и других сезонных заболеваниях (например, аллергии или солнечных ожогах) и реальным количеством обращений в больницы с соответствующими симптомами.

По данным Google, на сбор информации о заболеваемости из различных больниц и ее обработку уходит до двух недель, в то время как поисковые запросы могут ежедневно обрабатываться автоматически и сразу же поступать в распоряжение медиков. В компании подчеркивают, что приложение никоим образом не следит за отдельными пользователями, а использует только обобщенные данные о миллионах анонимных поисковых запросов. Пока что система учитывает только результаты поиска в США, однако разработчики обещают в ближайшем будущем расширить границы работы программы.

Координатор Глобальной программы по борьбе с гриппом ВОЗ Кейджи Фукуда пока воздерживается от каких-либо оценок программы. "Идея, безусловно, инновационная и наверняка имеет преимущества перед теми системами подсчета, что есть в нашем распоряжении. Однако все понимают, что поисковые системы могут выявить только повышенный интерес к гриппу, а это вовсе не обязательно означает вспышку заболевания. Как и при внедрении любой новой системы, пока вопрос в том, будет ли она выполнять свои функции - и судить об этом пока рано".

Согласно данным американского Центра по профилактике и контролю заболеваний, каждый год гриппом заболевает каждый пятый житель США. Около 36 тысяч случаев ежегодно оканчиваются летальным исходом.

[Наталья П.]

Справочник ВОЗ-2009 "Здоровье путешественников"
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Глава про инфекционные заболевания

[Наталья П.]

Early detection of disease outbreaks using the Internet
Kumanan Wilson, MD MSc and John S. Brownstein, PhD

CMAJ . April 14, 2009; 180 (8). doi:10.1503/cmaj.090215.

Rapidly identifying an infectious disease outbreak is critical, both for effective initiation of public health intervention measures and timely alerting of government agencies and the general public. Surveillance capacity for such detection can be costly, and many countries lack the public health infrastructure to identify outbreaks at their earliest stages.
Furthermore, there may be economic incentives for countries to not fully disclose the nature and extent of an outbreak.1 The Internet, however, is revolutionizing how epidemic intelligence is gathered, and it offers solutions to some of these challenges. Freely available Web-based sources of information may allow us to detect disease outbreaks earlier with reduced cost and increased reporting transparency.

Free full-text at [Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ]



Outbreak surveillance systems

Global Public Health Intelligence
[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ]
(currently paid subscription)


International Society for Infectious Diseases' Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases
[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ] (free subscription)

HealthMap
[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ] (freely available)


Google Flu Trends
[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ]

[Наталья П.]

FluDetWeb: an interactive web-based system for the early detection of the onset of influenza epidemics
David Conesa, Antonio Lopez-Quilez, Miguel-Angel Martinez-Beneito, Maria-Teresa Miralles and Francisco Verdejo

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2009,
9:36doi:10.1186/1472-6947-9-36
[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ]

Published: 29 July 2009

Abstract
Background
The early identification of influenza outbreaks has became a priority in public health practice. A large variety of statistical algorithms for the automated monitoring of influenza surveillance have been proposed, but most of them require not only a lot of computational effort but also operation of sometimes not-so-friendly software.

Results
In this paper, we introduce FluDetWeb, an implementation of a prospective influenza surveillance methodology based on a client-server architecture with a thin (web-based) client application design. Users can introduce and edit their own data consisting of a series of weekly influenza incidence rates. The system returns the probability of being in an epidemic phase (via e-mail if desired). When the probability is greater than 0.5, it also returns the probability of an increase in the incidence rate during the following week. The system also provides two complementary graphs. This system has been implemented using statistical free-software (R and WinBUGS), a web server environment for Java code (Tomcat) and a software module created by us (Rdp) responsible for managing internal tasks; the software package MySQL has been used to construct the database management system. The implementation is available on-line from:
[Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ].

Conclusions
The ease of use of FluDetWeb and its on-line availability can make it a valuable tool for public health practitioners who want to obtain information about the probability that their system is in an epidemic phase. Moreover, the architecture described can also be useful for developers of systems based on computationally intensive methods.

Free full text at
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[Наталья П.]

318 Articles On The А H1N1 Flu Virus Available Online Free Of Charge On SpringerLink
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Springer Science+Business Media is offering all journal articles which deal with the H1N1 virus, free of charge on its online information platform [Ссылки доступны только зарегистрированным пользователям ].
The articles can be found by using the search term 'H1N1.'
A total of 318 scientific articles will be available to print out or download from now until 31 December 2009.

In June 2009, the World Health Organization raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 in response to the ongoing global spread of the H1N1 virus. A Phase 6 designation indicates that a global pandemic is underway.
More than 70 countries are now reporting cases of human infection with H1N1 flu. Eric Merkel-Sobotta, Executive Vice President Corporate Communications of Springer Science+Business Media, said, "As a global scientific, technical and medical publisher, Springer plays a major role in the distribution of scientific information and access to knowledge and research. Therefore we are making all studies, published up to now on the H1N1 virus, freely available online on SpringerLink. By doing this, we hope to push forward scientific research on the causes, cures and other facets of this virus."

[Наталья П.]

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The Yellow Book is published every two years by CDC as a reference for those who advise international travelers about health risks. The Yellow Book is written primarily for health professionals, but others find it very useful.

[cactus1972]

Гайдлайн CDC по инфекционному контролю в амбулаторной практике

GUIDE TO INFECTION PREVENTION FOR OUTPATIENT SETTINGS:
Minimum Expectations for Safe Care

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