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Íîâûå äàííûå îá ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ çàðàæåíèÿ ÈÏÏÏ
Íîâûå äàííûå îá ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ çàðàæåíèÿ ÇÏÏÏ
Ïðîøëî 7 ëåò ñ ìîìåíòà îïóáëèêîâàíèÿ íàøóìåâøåãî äîêëàäà ÷åòûðåõ ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ àãåíòñòâ ÑØÀ (Àãåíòñòâà ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ÑØÀ, Óïðàâëåíèÿ ïî êîíòðîëþ çà ïðîäóêòàìè è ëåêàðñòâàìè, Öåíòðà êîíòðîëÿ çàáîëåâàíèé, Íàöèîíàëüíîãî èíñòèòóòà çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ) "[Ññûëêè äîñòóïíû òîëüêî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì ]".Çà ýòîò ïåðèîä áûëî ïðîâåäåíî íåìàëî èññëåäîâàíèé,ïîñâÿùåííûõ ýòîé ïðîáëåìå.Èç íèõ ìîæíî ñäåëàòü íåñêîëüêî êîðîòêèõ âûâîäîâ * Ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äîêëàäîì ðàáî÷åé ãðóïïû 2000 ã. ïîÿâèëèñü äàííûå î íåïîëíîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ â îòíîøåíèè ÂÈ× èíôåêöèè * Íå ïîäòâåðæäàþòñÿ äàííûå î ïîëíîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïðè ãîíîêîêêîâîé èíôåêöèè * Òàêæå êàê è â äîêëàäå íå ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ ïîëíàÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü çàùèòû ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ îò õëàìèäèéíîé èíôåêöèè * Çàòî ïîÿâèëèñü ñîîáùåíèÿ îá ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ìóæñêèõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèå çàðàæåíèÿ ãåíèòàëüíûì ãåðïåñîì è ïàïèëëîìàâèðóñíîé èíôåêöèåé äëÿ æåíùèí. * Ðèñê çàðàæåíèå ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâà ïðè àíàëüíîì ñåêñå âûøå,÷åì ïðè âàãèíàëüíîì * Íåò äîêàçàòåëüñòâ ïîëíîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâà äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ èíôèöèðîâàíèÿ ãåíèòàëüíûìè ìèêîïëàçìàìè * Âûáîð ïðåçåðâàòèâà íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëÿþùèì äëÿ åãî ýôôåêòèâíîñòè Òåïåðü ïîäðîáíåå Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïðè ÂÈ×-èíôåêöèè. By Karen R. Davis and Susan C. Weller (1999) ñîîáùàþò,÷òîýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåçåðâàòèâà äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ïåðåäà÷è ÂÈ× èíôåêöèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî â 87% (îò 60% äî 96%.).Weller S, Davis K.(Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2002) ïðèâîäÿò äàííûå,÷òî ïîñòîÿííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïðè ãåòåðîñåêñóàëüíûõ êîíòàêòàõ ñíèæàþò çàðàæåíèå ÂÈ× òîëüêî íà 80%. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïðè ãîíîêîêêîâîé è õëàìèäèéíîé èíôåêöèÿõ Lee Warner,Daniel R. Newman (2004) ïðè èçâåñòíîì èñòî÷íèêå çàðàæåíèÿ ïðèâîäÿò äàííûå,÷òî ïðè ïîñòîÿííîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâà çàðàæåíèå ãîíîðååé è õëàìèäîçîì íàñòóïàåò â 30.3 %,ïðè íåïîñòîÿííîì â 42.7 %,ïðè íåèçâåñòíîì èñòî÷íèêå çàðàæåíèÿ ïðè 23.8 % è 25.2 %.ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.Òå æå àâòîðû (2007) ñîîáùàþò,÷òî â 16.2% èíôèöèðîâàíèå ãîíîðååé è õëàìèäèÿìè ïðîèñõîäèò áåç òàêèõ ïðè÷èí êàê ïîçäíåå îäåâàíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà, ðàçðûâ ïðåçåðâàòèâà, ðàíåå ñíÿòèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà èëè åãî ñîñêàëüçîâàíèå.L M Niccolai, A Rowhani-Rahbar, H Jenkins, S Green and D W Dunne (2005) ïðèâîäÿò äàííûå,÷òî èíôèöèðîâàíèå õëàìèäèéíîé èíôåêöèåé ïðè èçâåñòíîì èñòî÷íèêå çàðàæåíèÿ ïðè ïîñòîÿííîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâà íàñòóïàåò â 13.3%,ïðè íåïîñòîÿííîì â 34,4%.Ïðè íåèçâåñòíîì èñòî÷íèêå çàðàæåíèÿ èíôèöèðîâàíèå ïðîèñõîäèò â 10,3% è 8,7% ñëó÷àåâ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Richard A. Crosby, PhD, Ralph J. DiClemente (2003) âûÿâèëè ñðåäè äåâî÷åê ïîäðîñòêîâ, ñîîáùàþùèõ î ïîñòîÿííîì (100%) èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâà 17.8% ñ ïîëîæèòåëüíûå òåñòàìè íà õëàìèäèîç,ãîíîðåþ è òðèõîìîíèàç ïðîòèâ 30.0% ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ òåñòîâ íà ýòè èíôåêöèè ó äåâî÷åê,êîòîðûå ñîîáùàëè î íåïîñòîÿííîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ èõ ïîëîâûìè ïàðòíåðàìè.Hocking J, Fairley CK. (2006) ñîîáùàþò,÷òî ïðè ïîñòîÿííîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâà èíôèöèðîâàíèå õëàìèäèéíîé èíôåêöèåé ïðè àíàëüíîì ñåêñå íàñòóïàëî â 8.6 % ó ãîìîñåêñóàëüíûõ ìóæ÷èí ïðîòèâ 6,8% ó ãåòåðîñåêñóàëüíûõ ìóæ÷èí. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïðè ïàïèëëîìàâèðóñíîé èíôåêöèè Rachel L. Winer, Ph.D., James P. Hughes,(2006) ñîîáùàþò,÷òî èíôèöèðîâàíèå æåíùèí ïàïèëëîìàâèðóñíîé èíôåêöèåé ïðè ïîñòîÿííîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè èõ ïàðòíåðàìè ïðåçåðâàòèâà íàñòóïàëà â 37.8 %,à ó æåíùèí,ïîëîâûå ïàðòíåðû êîòîðûõ íå èñïîëüçîâàëè ïðåçåðâàòèâ â 89.3 %.Èíòåðåñíî çàìåòèòü,÷òî ïîñòîÿííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïîëîâûìè ïàðòíåðàìè æåíùèí ñ CIN 1 â òå÷åíèè 2 ëåò óâåëè÷èâàëî ïðîöåíò ðåãðåññèè CIN .Ðåãðåññèÿ CIN â ãðóïïå,èñïîëüçóþùèõ ïðåçåðâàòèâ íàñòóïèëà â 53% ïðîòèâ 35% ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ æåíùèíàìè,÷üè ïîëîâûå ïàðòíåðû íå èñïîëüçîâàëè ïðåçåðâàòèâ (Cornelis J.A. Hogewoning Maaike C.G. Bleeker 2000). Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïðè ãåíèòàëüíîì ãåðïåñå Anna Wald, MD,MPH; Andria G. M. Langenberg, MD (2001) ïðèâîäÿò äàííûå,÷òî â 25% ñëó÷àåâ èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìóæñêèõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïðåäîòâðàùàåò çàðàæåíèå ãåíèòàëüíûì ãåðïåñîì æåíùèí,íî íå ìóæ÷èí. áîëåå ïîçäíåì èññëåäîâàíèè (2005) òå æå àâòîðû ñîîáùàþò î áîëåå íèçêîì ðèñêå çàðàæåíèÿ ãåíèòàëüíûì ãåðïåñîì â ãðóïïàõ,ïîñòîÿííî èñïîëüçóùèõ ïðåçåðâàòèâ,÷åì â ãðóïïàõ ãäå îí ïðèìåíÿëñÿ íåïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ïðè èíôèöèðîâàíèè ãåíèàòàëüíûìè ìèêîïëàçìàìè Pingmin W, Yuepu P, Jiwen Z. (2005) ñîîáùàþò î âûÿâëåíèè ó 16.67% ïðîñòèòóòîê,ïîñòîÿííî èñïîëüçóþùèõ ìóæñêîé ïðåçåðâàòèâ ãåíèòàëüíûõ ìèêîïëàçì (Ureaplasma urealyticum,Mycoplasma hominis,Mycoplasma genitalium) ïðîòèâ 77.78% íèêîãäà åãî íå èñïîëüçóþùèõ è 34.72%,èñïîëüçóþùèõ åãî íåðåãóëÿðíî. Âûáîð ïðåçåðâàòèâà íå âëèÿåò íà åãî ýôôåêòèâíîñòü Steiner MJ, Hylton-Kong T, Figueroa JP, Hobbs MM, Behets F ( 2006) óñòàíîâèëè,÷òî èíôèöèðîâàíèå õëàìèäèéíîé,ãîíîêîêêîâîé èíôåêöèåé è òðèõîìîíèàçîì ñðåäè ãðóïïû ìóæ÷èí,èñïîëüçóþùèõ âûáîðî÷íî ïîïóëÿðíûå ìàðêè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 21%,÷òî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ çíà÷èìûì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ãðóïïîé ìóæ÷èí,ïðèìåíÿâøèõ ëþáûå "ñòàíäàðòíûå" ïðåçåðâàòèâû (17% èíôèöèðîâàíèÿ). * Problems with Condom Use among Patients Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics: Prevalence, Predictors, and Relation to Incident Gonorrhea and Chlamydia (American Journal of Epidemiology Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2007.) * The Effectiveness of Condoms in Reducing Heterosexual Transmission of HIV (Family Planning Perspectives,December 1999 ) * Condom Use and the Risk of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Women ( N Engl J Med. 2006 ) * Condom Effectiveness for Reducing Transmission of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: The Importance of Assessing Partner Infection Status ( Am J Epidemiol 2004) * Effect of Condoms on Reducing the Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 From Men to Women (JAMA. 2001) * The Relationship between Condom Use and Herpes Simplex Virus Acquisition (Ann Intern Med. 2005) * Condom effectiveness for prevention of Chlamydia trachomatis infection (Sexually Transmitted Infections 2005) * Associations between condom use and rectal or urethral chlamydia infection in men.(Sex Transm Dis. 2006) * Condom use promotes regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and clearance of human papillomavirus: A randomized clinical trial (Int J Cancer. 2003) * Value of Consistent Condom Use: A Study of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Among African American Adolescent Females (Am J Public Health. 2003) * Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. (Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002) * Prevalence survey on condom use and infection of urogenital mycoplasmas in female sex workers in China.(Contraception. 2005) * Does a choice of condoms impact sexually transmitted infection incidence? A randomized, controlled trial. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006 ) © Àãàïîâ Ñ.À. 2007 |
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Ñåðãåé Àíàòîëüåâè÷, ñïàñèáî.
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Ïðîäîëæåíèå
Îñíîâíûå ïðè÷èíû íåïîëíîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ
Åñòåñòâåííî,ñòîëü çíà÷èìûå öèôðû íåýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ (äëÿ ÂÈ× èíôåêöèè äî 20%,ãîíîêîêêîâîé,õëàìèäèéíîé èíôåêöèè è òðèõîìîíèàçà äî 30%,äëÿ ãåíèòàëüíîãî ãåðïåñà äî 70%,äëÿ ãåíèòàëüíûõ ìèêîïëàçì äî 20%),âûÿâëåííûå ïðè ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ,ïðèâåäåííûõ âûøå,çàñòàâëÿþò çàäóìûâàòüñÿ î âîçìîæíûõ ïðè÷èíàõ ýòîãî ïå÷àëüíîãî ÿâëåíèÿ. îñíîâíîì ïðè÷èíû íåïîëíîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ïîëîâûõ èíôåêöèé è áåðåìåííîñòè ñâîäÿòñÿ ê òðåì ïîçèöèÿì: 1. Íåïðàâèëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà 2. Ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâà - ðàçðûâ è ñîñêàëüçûâàíèå 3. Íàðóøåíèå ïðîíèöàåìîñòè ñòåíîê (ìåìáðàíû) ïðåçåðâàòèâà äëÿ âèðóñîâ è áàêòåðèé Íåïðàâèëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà Îäíîé èç îñíîâíûõ ïðè÷èí íåïîëíîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ,ïî ìíåíèþ ìíîãèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé,ÿâëÿåòñÿ åãî íåïðàâèëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå. Warner L, Clay-Warner J, Boles J, Williamson J.(1998) ñîîáùàþò,÷òî íèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûìè îøèáêàìè áûëî íåïðàâèëüíîå îäåâàíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà (ìåøî÷êîì äëÿ ñáîðà ñïåðìû âíóòðü) è â äàëüíåéøåì åãî ïåðåîäåâàíèå â ïðîöåññå ïîëîâîãî àêòà (13%),îäåâàíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà âî âðåìÿ ïîëîâîãî àêòà - 2.6%,ñíÿòèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà äî îêîí÷àíèÿ ïîëîâîãî àêòà -1,5%.Crosby RA, Sanders SA, Yarber WL, Graham CA, Dodge B. (2002) ïðîâåäÿ àíàëèç îøèáîê èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìóæñêèõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ óòî÷íÿþò,÷òî â 43% ñëó÷àåâ ïðåçåðâàòèâû îäåâàëèñü âî âðåìÿ ïîëîâîãî àêòà,â 15% ñíèìàëèñü äî åãî îêîí÷àíèÿ,â 40% â íàäåòîì ïðåçåðâàòèâå íå îñòàâëÿëîñü ìåñòî äëÿ ñáîðà ñïåðìû,à â 30% ñëó÷àåâ ïðåçåðâàòèâ îäåâàëñÿ "íàèçíàíêó".Sanders SA, Graham CA, Yarber WL, Crosby RA. (2003) èçó÷èëè âîïðîñ - ïðàâèëüíî ëè îäåâàþò æåíùèíû ìóæñêîé ïðåçåðâàòèâ ñâîåìó ïîëîâîìó ïàðòíåðó.Îêàçàëîñü,÷òî â 51% ñëó÷àå æåíùèíû îäåâàëè ïðåçåðâàòèâ ñâîåìó ïîëîâîìó ïàðòíåðó â ïðîöåññå ïîëîâîãî àêòà,â 15% ñíèìàëè åãî äî îêîí÷àíèÿ,â 40% íå îñòàâëÿëè ìåñòî äëÿ ñáîðà ñïåðìû,à â 30% îäåâàëè åãî "íàèçíàíêó",â 26% ñëó÷àåâ íå èñïîëüçîâàëè ñìàçêó,à â 15% ñìàçûâàëè ïðåçåðâàòèâ âîäîé.Warner L, Clay-Warner J, Boles J, Williamson J.(1998) ñ÷èòàþò,÷òî èìåííî íåïðàâèëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåçåðâàòèâà ïðèâîäèò â 13% ñëó÷àåâ îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ê áåðåìåííîñòè è çàðàæåíèþ ïîëîâûìè èíôåêöèÿìè. Ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâà Ñëåäóþùåé íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîé ïðè÷èíîé íåïîëíîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâà - ðàçðûâ è ñîñêàëüçîâàíèå.Richters J, Gerofi J, Donovan B. (1995) ïðèâîäÿò äàííûå,÷òî ðàçðûâ ïðåçåðâàòèâà ïðîèñõîäèò â 4,9%,à ñîñêàëüçûâàíèå â 3,1% îò âñåõ ñëó÷àåâ ïðèìåíåíèÿ ïðåçðâàòèâà.Messiah A,Dart T, Spencer BE, Warszawski J. (1997) ñîîáùàþò,÷òî ðàçðûâû íàáëþäàþòñÿ â 3,4%,à ñîñêàëüçîâàíèå â 1,1%. Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS. (1997) ïðîâåäÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ èçâåñòíîãî áðåíäà (Durex Ramses) óñòàíîâèëè,÷òî ðàçðûâ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ íàáëþäàëñÿ òîëüêî â 0,41%,à ñîñêàëüçîâàíèå â 0,68% ñëó÷àåâ ïðèìåíåíèÿ.Frezieres RG, Walsh TL, Nelson AL, Clark VA,Coulson AH. (1999) ñðàâíèâàëè ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ìóæñêèõ ïîëèóðåòàíîâûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ è ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ èç ëàòåêñà.  ðåçóëüòàòå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðàçðûâû è ñîñêàëüçîâàíèÿ ïîëèóðåòàíîâûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ñîñòàâèëè 8,6% ïðîòèâ 1,6% äëÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ èç ëàòåêñà,õîòÿ ÷àñòîòà íàñòóïëåíèÿ áåðåìåííîñòè ïðè ïîñòîÿííîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ñîñòàâèëà 4,8% äëÿ ïîëèóðåòàíîâûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ è 6,3% äëÿ ëàòåêñíûõ.Macaluso M, Kelaghan J, Artz L, Austin H, Fleenor M, Hook EW 3rd, Valappil T.2002 ïðè èññëåäîâàíèè 21 852 ñëó÷àåâ ïðèìåíåíèÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ âûÿâèëè,÷òî ÷àñòîòà ðàçðûâîâ ñîñòàâëÿëà 2,3%,à ñîñêàëüçîâàíèÿ 1,9%.Walsh TL, Frezieres RG, Peacock K, Nelson AL, Clark VA, Bernstein L. 2003 ñîîáùàþò,÷òî íåëàòåêñíûå ïðåçåðâàòèâû áîëåå ÷àñòî ðàçðûâàþòñÿ è ñîñêàëüçûâàþò,÷åì ëàòåêñíûå - 4% ïðîòèâ 1,3%.Ïðîöåíò íàñòóïëåíèÿ áåðåìåííîñòè ïðè ïîñòîÿííîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ìîíîãàìíûìè ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèë äëÿ íåëàòåêñíûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ 10,8%,äëÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ äëÿ ëàòåêñà 6,4%.Potter WD, de Villemeur M.2003 ïðèâîäÿò íåñêîëüêî ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå äàííûå 0,6% ðàçðûâîâ äëÿ ïîëèóðåòàíîâûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ è 1,3% äëÿ ëàòåêñíûõ.,õîòÿ âñå æå ïîëèóðåòàíîâûå ïðåçåðâàòèâû ñîñêàëüçûâàþò ÷àùå ÷åì ëàòåêñíûå 1,1% ïðîòèâ 0,5%.Valappil T, Kelaghan J, Macaluso M, Artz L, Austin H, Fleenor ME, Robey L, Hook EW 3rd.(2005) ñðàâíèâàëè ÷àñòîòó ðàçðûâîâ è ñîñêàëüûâàíèé ìóæñêèõ è æåíñêèõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ.Ðàçðûâû æåíñêèõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ íàáëþäàëèñü ðåæå,÷åì ìóæñêèõ - 0,1% ïðîòèâ 3,1%,íî æåíñêèå ïðåçåðâàòèâû ñîñêàëüçûâàëè çíà÷èòåëüíî ÷àùå,÷åì ìóæñêèå 5,6% ïðîòèâ 1,1%.(Crosby RA, Yarber WL, Sanders SA, Graham CA, McBride K, Milhausen RR, Arno JN. (2007) ïðèâîäÿò äàííûå,÷òî 31,1% ñëó÷àåâ çàðàæåíèå ïîëîâûìè èíôåêöèÿìè ñâÿçàíî ñ ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè ïîâðåæäåíèÿìè ìóæñêèõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ è (èëè) åãî ñîñêàëüçûâàíèåì. Íàðóøåíèå ïðîíèöàåìîñòè ñòåíîê(ìåìáðàíû) ïðåçåðâàòèâà Ýòî íàèáîëåå âîëíóþùèé âîïðîñ,òàê êàê ïî äàííûì ðàçíûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé çàðàæåíèå ïîëîâûìè èíôåêöèìè ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè ïðàâèëüíîì èñïîëüçîâàíèè è áåç íàðóøåíèÿ öåëîñòíîñòè ïðåçåðâàòèâà.Òî÷íàÿ ñòàòèñòèêà çàòðóäíåíà òåì,÷òî ê ñâåäåíèþ ïðèíèìàþòñÿ òîëüêî ñîîáùåíèÿ ïàöèåíòîâ áåç âåñîìûõ îáúåêòèâíûõ äîêàçàòåëüñòâ.Ïîýòîìó áûëî ïðîâåäåíî ðÿä ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé,ñ öåëüþ îïðåäåëèòü ïðîíèöàåìà ëè ìåìáðàíà ïðåçåðâàòèâà äëÿ âèðóñîâ è áàêòåðèé. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîå èññëåäîâàíèå ìåìáðàíû ïðåçåðâàòèâà äëÿ ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ âèðóñîâ è áàêòåðèé in vitro Äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ âèðóñîâ ÷åðåç ìåìáðàíó ïðåçåðâàòèâà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ìåòîä,ïðåäëîæåííûé C D Lytle, L B Routson è W H Cyr â 1992 . îñíîâå ìåòîäà ëåæèò îïðåäåëåíèå phi chi áàêòåðèîôàãà X174,èìåþùåãî ðàçìåð 25 íì (ñðàâíèì ñ ðàçìåðàìè âèðóñîâ),êîíöåíòðàöèÿ êîòîðîãî èçìåðÿëàñü â ñðåäå âíóòðè ïðåçåðâàòèâà è âíå åãî ïîñëå èñïûòàíèÿ ïðåçåðâàòèâà â ïðåäëîæåííîì àâòîðàìè ïðèáîðå ïðè çàäàííûõ ïàðàìåòðàõ,èììèòèðóþùèõ ïîëîâîé àêò - äàâëåíèå,òåìïåðàòóðà,äëèòåëüíîñòü ýêñïîçèöèè. Voeller B, Nelson J, Day C. (1994) èññëåäîâàëè íåñêîëüêî ìàðîê ëàòåêñíûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ.Âñå ïðåçåðâàòèâû ìàðêè Protex Contracept Plus äàâàëè óòå÷êó áàêòåðèîôàãà.Äðóãèå èñïûòûâàåìûå ïðåçåðâàòèâû äàâàëè ïðîñà÷èâàíèå áàêòåðèîôàãà îò 0,9% äî 22,8%.Íàïðèìåð ïðåçåðâàòèâû ìàðêè The Ramses Non-Lubricated äàâàëè óòå÷êó â 0,9%,Mentor â 4%, à LifeStyles Conture â 6,3% ñëó÷àåâ. Lytle CD, Routson LB, Seaborn GB, Dixon LG, Bushar HF, Cyr WH. (1997) îïðåäåëèëè çíà÷èìîå ïðîñà÷èâàíèå áàêòåðèîôàãà ó 2,6% èñïûòûâàåìûõ ëàòåêñíûõ è ïîëèóðåòàíîâûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ,è íå íàøëè ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè çíà÷èìîé ðàçíèöû ìåæäó íèìè.Sierra OE, Gaona de Hernandez MA, Rey GJ. (2005) îáíàðóæèëè ïðîñà÷èâàíèå áàêòåðèîôàãà X174 â 4 ïîëèîëåôèíîâûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâàõ èç 60 è â 1 ëàòåêñíîì ïðåçåðâàòèâå èç 20. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîå èññëåäîâàíèå ìåìáðàíû ïðåçåðâàòèâà äëÿ ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ âèðóñîâ è áàêòåðèé in vivo Îäíàêî äîêàçàòåëüñòâ òîãî,÷òî ìåìáðàíà ïðåçåðâàòèâà ïðîíèöàåìà äëÿ æèâûõ ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ â ëàáîðàòîðíûõ óñëîâèÿõ,íåäîñòàòî÷íî äëÿ óòâåðæäåíèÿ ÷òî ïðåçåðâàòèâû íåýôôåêòèâíû ïðè èõ ïðÿìîì ïðèìåíåíèè ïðè ïîëîâîì àêòå.Ïîýòîìó Lawson ML, Maculuso M, Bloom A, Hortin G, Hammond KR, Blackwell R.(1998) ïîñëå èçó÷åíèÿ òðåõ ìàðêåðîâ ñïåðìû: êèñëîé ôîñôàòàçû (AP),ïðîñòàòîñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî àíòèãåíà (PSA) è ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî ïëàçìåííîãî àíòèãåíà ñïåðìû (MHS-5) ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó î öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ PSA äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ áàðüåðíûõ ôóíêöèé ïðåçåðâàòèâà.PSA èìååò ìîëåêóëÿðíûé âåñ 30 kDa,÷òî ñðàâíèìî ñ ìîëåêóëÿðíîé ìàññîé âèðóñîâ è åãî óðîâåíü â âàãèíàëüíîì îòäåëÿåìîì íåñðàâíåííî ìåíüøå ÷åì â ñïåðìå (íåçíà÷èòåëüíîå ñîäåðæàíèå PSA ó æåíùèí ñâÿçàíî ñ íàëè÷èåì ðóäèìåíòàðíîé æåíñêîé ïðîñòàòû - æåëåçîé Ñêåíà).Ïîñëå ýòîãî îòêðûòèÿ ïîÿâèëèñü èññëåäîâàíèÿ,ïîêàçûâàþùèå,÷òî ìåìáðàíà ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ïðîíèöàåìà äëÿ PSA àíòèãåíà. õîäå ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ ïåðåä ïîëîâûì àêòîì (îáû÷íî çà 2 ñóòîê) çàìåðÿëñÿ óðîâåíü PSA âî âëàãàëèùå,êîòîðûé ñðàâíèâàëñÿ ñ óðîâíåì PSA ïîñëå ïîëîâîãî àêòà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ïðåçåðâàòèâà.Walsh TL, Frezieres RG,Nelson AL, Wraxall BG, Clark VA. (1999) îáíàðóæèëè âûñîêèé óðîâåíü PSA â ïîñòêîèòàëüíîì âàãèíàëüíîì îòäåëÿåìîì â 2% ïîñëå ïîëîâîãî àêòà ñ öåëûì ïðåçåðâàòèâîì,ïðîöåíò îáíàðóæåíèÿ ðåçêî âîçðàñòàë äî 41% ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ñ íàìåðåííî ñäåëàííûì åäèíè÷íûì ïðêîëîì äèìåòðîì 1 ìì.Walsh TL, Frezieres RG, Peacock K, Nelson AL, Clark VA, Bernstein L, Wraxall BG. 2003 îáíàðóæèëè çíà÷èìûé óðîâåíü PSA â 17 îáðàçöàõ ïîñòêîèòàëüíîãî âàãèíàëüíîãî îòäåëÿåìîãî áåç ïðèçíàêîâ ñïåðìû èç 830 èññëåäîâàíèÿõ.Òå æå àâòîðû â 2004 îáíàðóæèëè âûñîêèé óðîâåíü PSA â ïîñòêîèòàëüíîì âàãèíàëüíîì îòäåëÿåìîì â 1,2% ñëó÷àÿõ ïðè òåñòèðîâàíèè òðåõ ìàðîê ëàòåêñíûõ ïðåçåðâàòèâîâ ñ ñîáëþäåíèåì óñëîâèé èõ öåëîñòíîñòè. © Àãàïîâ Ñ.À. 2007 |
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Ïðîäîëæåíèå
Âûâîäû
Òàêèì îáðàçîì,ïðîâåäåííûå ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ äîêàçûâàþò,÷òî ïðåçåðâàòèâû íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñðåäñòâàìè çàùèòû äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ïîëîâûõ èíôåêöèé ñ ïîëíîé (100%) ýôôåêòèâíîñòüþ,íî èõ ïðàâèëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìîæåò çíà÷èòåëüíî ñíèçèòü ðèñê èíôèöèðîâàíèÿ. * A simple method to test condoms for penetration by viruses. (Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992) * Why do condoms break or slip off in use? An exploratory study. (Int J STD AIDS. 1995) * Viral leakage risk differences in latex condoms. (AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994) * Invited Commentary: Condom Effectiveness—Will Prostate-specific Antigen Shed New Light on This Perplexing Problem? (Am J Epidemiol 2003) * Objective markers of condom failure. (Sex Transm Dis. 1998) * Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen as a quantifiable indicator of condom failure in clinical trials. (Contraception. 1999) * An in vitro evaluation of condoms as barriers to a small virus. (Sex Transm Dis. 1997) * Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national survey. French National Survey on Sexual Behavior Group (ACSF). (Am J Public Health. 1997) * Implications of laboratory tests of condom integrity. (Sex Transm Dis 1999) * Prostate-specific antigen in vaginal fluid as a biologic marker of condom failure. (Contraception. 1999) * Efficacy of the male latex condom and of the female polyurethane condom as barriers to semen during intercourse: a randomized clinical trial. (Am J Epidemiol. 2007) * Permeability to phi chi 174 bacteriophages in polyolephin membrane condoms (Biomedica. 2005) * Use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to measure semen exposure resulting from male condom failures: implications for contraceptive efficacy and the prevention of sexually transmitted disease. (Contraception. 2003) * In vitro studies of factors possibly influencing the performance of latex condoms (Med Trop (Mars). 2005) * Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyurethane condom: results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial. (Fam Plann Perspect.1999) * Mechanical failure of the latex condom in a cohort of women at high STD risk. (Sex Transm Dis 1999) * Ineffective use of condoms among young women in managed care. (AIDS Care. 2002) * Evaluation of the efficacy of a nonlatex condom: results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial. (Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2003) * Clinical breakage, slippage and acceptability of a new commercial polyurethane condom: a randomized, controlled study. (Contraception. 2003) * Effectiveness of the male latex condom: combined results for three popular condom brands used as controls in randomized clinical trials. (Contraception. 2004) * Men with broken condoms: who and why? (Sex Transm Infect. 2007) * Female condom and male condom failure among women at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases. (Sex Transm Dis.2005) * Latex condom breakage and slippage in a controlled clinical trial. (Contraception. 1997) * Condom use errors and problems among college men. (Sex Transm Dis.2002) * Condom use errors and problems among young women who put condoms on their male partners. ( Am Med Womens Assoc. 2003) * Does additional lubrication affect condom slippage and breakage? (Int J STD AIDS. 1998) * Assessing condom use practices. Implications for evaluating method and user effectiveness. (Sex Transm Dis 1998) © Àãàïîâ Ñ.À. 2007 |