#1
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Èíôóçèîííûå ñðåäû ïðè øîêå.
Âûäåëåíî èç Ìîäåðàòîð
... êà÷åñòâåííî äåëàòü ñâîþ ðàáîòó íå âñåãäà âîçìîæíî. È íå ïîòîìó, ÷òî äîêòîð - ìàëîîáðàçîâàííûé, à ïðîñòî â áîëüíèöå íåò òîãî, òîãî è òîãî, äëÿ îêàçàíèÿ ïîìîùè. Ïðèìåð: â êðóïíîé áîëüíèöå â öåíòðå Ìîñêâû íåò êîëëîèäîâ äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ èíôóçèîííîé òåðàïèè áîëüíûì ñ ãåìîððàãè÷åñêèì øîêîì. Äà, èìåííî òàê: ïðèâîçÿò ìîëîäîãî ïàöèåíòà èç ÄÒÏ ñ ïîëíûì æèâîòîì êðîâè, à ó ðåàíèìàòîëîãà â íàëè÷èè òîëüêî ôèç.ðàñòâîð. Î êðàõìàëàõ ÿ óæå íå ãîâîðþ (çàáûëè, êîãäà ïîñëåäíèé ðàç âèäåëè), íî íåò äàæå ïîëèãëþêèíà! Òàêîãî äàæå â ãîëîäíûå 90-å íå áûëî! Îáèäíî: çíàíèÿ ó âðà÷à åñòü, æåëàíèå ïîìî÷ü ïàöèåíòó îãðîìíîå, à âîò âîçìîæíîñòè îêàçàòü àäåêâàòíóþ ìåäèöèíñêóþ ïîìîùü íåò! À ñëó÷èñü ëåòàëüíûé èñõîä ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì ñóäåáíûì ðàçáèðàòåëüñòâîì -òå, êòî äîëæåí íåñòè îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà îáåñïå÷åíèå ëå÷åáíîãî ïðîöåññà âñåì íåîáõîäèìûì (ò.å. àäìèíèñòðàöèÿ), îòäåëàþòñÿ âûãîâîðàìè, à êðàéíèì ñäåëàþò âðà÷à, îêàçàâøåãîñÿ çàëîæíèêîì ñèòóàöèè. |
#2
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#3
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Öèòàòà:
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#4
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Òàê è ñ ýòèì - ïðîáëåìà! (åñëè íåò â íàëè÷èè â ÊÏÊ â áîëüíèöå - ñèäè è æäè, êîãäà ïðèâåçóò ñ ãîðîäñêîé ñòàíöèè).
Ðå÷ü íå î ïðåèìóùåñòâàõ è íåäîñòàòêàõ êîëëîèäíûõ è êðèñòàëëîèäíûõ ðàñòâîðîâ (êîãäà ïèñàëà ïðåäûäóùèé ïîñò, áûëà íà 99,9% óâåðåíà â ïîäîáíîé ðåàêöèè îïïîíåíòîâ), à â òîì, êàê îòñóòñòâèå êîëëîèäîâ â êàðòå ÈÒ áóäåò ðàñöåíåíî íà ðàçáîðå â ÄÇ. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, òàì íå âñåãäà ðóêîâîäñòâóþòñÿ ïðè ðàçáîðå äàííûìè çàðóáåæíûõ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Öèòàòà èç êíèãè "Èíòåíñèâíàÿ òåðàïèÿ: Íàöèîíàëüíîå ðóêîâîäñòâî" ïîä ðåä Á.Ð.Ãåëüôàíäà, À.È. Ñàëòàíîâà (ò.1, ñ. 171-172), èçäàíà â 2009 ã. "...Íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûìè äëÿ âîñïîëíåíèÿ ÎÖÊ ïðè ãèïîâîëåìèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãåòåðîãåííûå êîëëîèäíûå ðàñòâîðû, îáëàäàþùèå âûðàæåííûì ãåìîäèíàìè÷åñêèì è ïðîòèâîøîêîâûì äåéñòâèåì... ...Ïîêàçàíèÿ ê ïðèìåíåíèþ: âîñïîëíåíèå ÎÖÊ ïðè òðàâìå, êðîâîïîòåðå..." Äàííîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïðèíÿòî êàê îñíîâîïîëàãàþùåå äëÿ âðà÷åé-àíåñòåçèîëîãîâ-ðåàíèìàòîëîãîâ. Âîò ýòèìè äàííûìè ðåöåíçåíò è áóäåò ðóêîâîäñòâîâàòüñÿ. Âîîáùå-òî çàðåêàëàñü ïèñàòü ÷òî-ëèáî â ýòîé òåìå. Îíà èçíà÷àëüíî îáðå÷åíà íà ôëóä. Ñíà÷àëà îáñóäèëè çàðïëàòó, ïîòîì ïåðåøëè ê ïðîáëåìàì ðîññèéñêîãî çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ. Ò.ê. áîëüøèíñòâî ó÷àñòíèêîâ - îáû÷íûå âðà÷è, à íå ÷èíîâíèêè, ïðèíèìàþùèå ðåøåíèÿ, îáñóæäåíèå ñâîäèòñÿ ê èçëèÿíèÿì ñâîèõ ãîðåñòåé è ïðîáëåì. |
#5
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Åñëè ó÷àñòíèêàì èíòåðåñíî, òî ìîæíî ïîïðîñèòü ìîäåðàòîðîâ âûäåëèòü äèñêóññèþ î èíôóçèîííûõ ñðåäàõ. Íà äàííûé ìîìåíò íåò óáåäèòåëüíûõ äàííûõ îòäàþùèõ ïàëüìó ïåðâåíñòâà ïî ýôôåêòèâíîñòè êîëëîèäàì ëèáî êðèñòàëëîèäàì ïðè øîêå. Êîëëîèäû àññîöèèðóþòñÿ ñ áÎëüøèì ÷èñëîì îñëîæíåíèé. Íàáèðàåò îáîðîòû (è ïàöèåíòîâ ) "ãåìîñòàòè÷åñêàÿ ðåàíèìàöèÿ", ñòàâÿùàÿ âî ãëàâó óãëà ïðåïàðàòû êðîâè.
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#6
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Î÷åíü ðàçóìíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, äîêòîð Âëàä - è íóæíîå .. Âûäåëèòå , ïîæàëóéñòà - õîòü êàêîé-òî òîëê îò íûòüÿ áóäåò..
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Ã.À. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî |
#7
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Ñòàòüÿ Richard P. Dutton [Ññûëêè äîñòóïíû òîëüêî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì ]
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#8
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Öèòàòà:
Ê ñîæàëåíèþ íåò êîíêðåòíûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïî òàêòèêå. È îïÿòü æå ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóþùàÿ íûíå ñëóæáà êðîâè íå ìîæåò â ïîëíîì îáúåìå îáåñïå÷èòü äàæå ñêîðîïîìîùíûå ñòàöèîíàðû. Íå ìîãëè áû Âû ïîäêèíóòü åùå èíôîðìàöèè (åñëè ìîæíî íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ê ñîæàëåíèþ äëÿ ìåíÿ ïåðåâîä ïîêà åùå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èçðÿäíûå òðóäíîñòè) |
#9
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The ideal fluid for resuscitation has not been established. The three-to-one rule has been applied to the classification of hemorrhage to establish a baseline for guiding therapy [36], and use of crystalloid (Ringers lactate or normal saline) is recommended by the American College of Surgeons [4]. Although resuscitative end-points are similar when using Ringers lactate or normal saline, metabolic hyperchloremic acidosis has been reported when infusing large volumes of normal saline (>10 l) [35].
Colloidal solutions, such as albumin and hetastarch (6% hydroxyethyl starch in 0.9% NaCl), can be administered to increase circulatory volume rapidly. Although it is beyond the scope of this review to enter the crystalloid versus colloid fray, we should note that the use of albumin solutions in the initial resuscitation stages has not proven to be more effective than crystalloid [37-39]. A meta-analysis of 26 prospective randomized trials (including a total of 1622 patients) revealed an increased absolute risk for death of 4% when colloids were used for resuscitation [40]. [Ññûëêè äîñòóïíû òîëüêî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì ]
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Èñêðåííå, Âàäèì Âàëåðüåâè÷. |
#10
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COLLOIDS COMPARED TO CRYSTALLOIDS: Albumin or plasma protein fraction - 23 trials reported data on mortality, including a total of 7,754 patients. The pooled relative risk (RR) from these trials was 1.01 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.92 to 1.10). When the trial with poor quality allocation concealment was excluded, pooled RR was 1.00 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.09). Hydroxyethyl starch - 16 trials compared hydroxyethyl starch with crystalloids, n = 637 patients. The pooled RR was 1.05 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.75). Modified gelatin - 11 trials compared modified gelatin with crystalloid, n = 506 patients. The pooled RR was 0.91 (95% CI 0.49 to 1.72). Dextran - nine trials compared dextran with a crystalloid, n = 834 patients. The pooled RR was 1.24 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.65). COLLOIDS IN HYPERTONIC CRYSTALLOID COMPARED TO ISOTONIC CRYSTALLOID: Eight trials compared dextran in hypertonic crystalloid with isotonic crystalloid, including 1,283 randomised participants. Pooled RR was 0.88 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.05). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence from RCTs that resuscitation with colloids reduces the risk of death, compared to resuscitation with crystalloids, in patients with trauma, burns or following surgery. As colloids are not associated with an improvement in survival, and as they are more expensive than crystalloids, it is hard to see how their continued use in these patients can be justified outside the context of RCTs.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD000567. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients.
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Èñêðåííå, Âàäèì Âàëåðüåâè÷. |
#11
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Öèòàòà:
Âàì íå ïîïàäàëèñü ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî òàêòèêå âåäåíèÿ áîëüíûõ ñ ãåìîððàãè÷åñêèì øîêîì ñ ó÷åòîì ýòèõ èññëåäîâàíèé? |
#12
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The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) course of the American College of Surgeons suggests starting two large-bore IVs in patients who are significantly injured or appear to be going into shock and, if they are hypotensive, giving 2 L of crystalloid solution.11 If such patients remain in shock, recover initially, but subsequently go back into shock, or have active ongoing bleeding of greater than 100 mL/ minute, then RBCs should be given. These guidelines were based on the recognition that prolonged shock frequently led to renal failure that could be prevented by volume resuscitation and that many injured patients, who suffered decreases in their blood pressure, did not need blood at all.
Other groups have added guidelines for the administration of platelets and plasma. In 1994, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) advocated transfusion of plasma to keep the international normalized ratio (INR) below 1.5 and of platelets to maintain counts higher than 50 x 109/L in actively bleeding patients.12 They suggested that such transfusions should be triggered by measured laboratory values. In 1996, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) also recommended administration of plasma to keep the INR below 1.5 and platelets to maintain counts higher than 50 x 109/L in hemodynamically normal but actively bleeding patients, and suggested that raising platelet counts to 100 x 109/L may be useful in multiply or massively injured patients.13 They also emphasized the importance of the clinical assessment of coagulopathy and its rapid treatment in the face of ongoing bleeding. In 2007, the European Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma (ABC-T) repeated these recommendations and again noted that the evidence supporting them comes exclusively from observational studies and case series.14 [Ññûëêè äîñòóïíû òîëüêî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì ]
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Èñêðåííå, Âàäèì Âàëåðüåâè÷. |
#13
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Öèòàòà:
[Èçîáðàæåíèÿ äîñòóïíû òîëüêî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì] Figure 13.2 The effects of selected colloid and crystalloid fluids on the plasma volume and interstitial fluid volume. The volume of each fluid infused is shown in parentheses. (From Imm A, Carlson RW. Fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock. Crit Care Clin 1993;9:313.) Ïðàêòèêà "ãåìîñòàòè÷åñêîé ðåàíèìàöèè" ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àåñÿ îò òîé, êîòîðàÿ ïðîïèñàíà â ATLS. Ó áîëüíûõ ñ ìàññèâíîé (äåéñòâèòåëüíî ìàññèâíîé) êðîâîïîòåðåé îíè èñïîëüçóþò ìàêñèìàëüíî ðàíî äîíîðñêóþ ïëàçìó, ýðèòðîöèòû â äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîì îáúåìå - íå äîæèäàÿñü áîëþñà â 2000, êàê ïðîïèñàíî â ATLS, è ñòàðàþòñÿ êàê ìîæíî ìåíüøå èñïîëüçîâàòü èñêóññòâåííûõ êîëëîèäîâ. Ýòà ïðàêòèêà íå î÷åíü-òî EBM, ïî ïîâîäó ÷åãî ó ìåíÿ äàæå âîçíèê ñïîð ñ îäíèì óâàæàåìûì ìíîé áðèòàíñêèì äîêòîðîì: http://rusanesth.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=551 Ïðàêòèêà "ãåìîñòàòè÷åñêîé ðåàíèìàöèè", íàñêîëüêî ìíå èçâåñòíî, ïîâñåìåñòíî ïðèíÿòà â âîåííîé ìåäèöèíå çàïàäíûõ ñòðàí. Íà "ãðàæäàíêå" äåëî èäåò ìåäëåííåé - áîëüøèíñòâî ëå÷àò ïî ATLS, íî âî ìíîãèõ âåñüìà àâòîðèòåòíûõ òðàâìà-öåíòðàõ óæå ïðèíÿòà â ðóòèííîé ïðàêòèêå âûøåóïîìÿíóòàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ êîëëîèäîâ - î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ýòî â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå, íå î÷åíü õîðîøî äëÿ áîëüíîãî ïðè ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîì øîêå (èç-çà ïîáî÷íûõ ýôôåêòîâ íà ãåìîñòàç, ïî÷å÷íóþ ôóíêöèþ èòï), òàêæå êàê è âàçîïðåññîðû, êîòîðûå åùå áîëåå óõóäøàþò ñèñòåìíóþ ïåðôóçèþ, íî êîãäà áîëüíîé ïðàêòè÷åñêè îäíîìåíòíî â îïåðàöèîííîé òåðÿåò ëèòðà ïîëòîðà - äâà êðîâè, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû ïîääåðæàòü õîòü êàêóþ-òî öåðåáðàëüíóþ ïåðôóçèþ, ïðèõîäèòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü è êîëëîèäû è âàçîïðåññîðû â êà÷åñòâå âðåìåííîé ìåðû, äî òåõ ïîêà íå áóäóò äîñòóïíû ïðîäóêòû êðîâè. ÇÛ. Êñòàòè, íàïîìíþ, ÷òî áûëà åùå è òàêàÿ òåìà: http://forums.rusmedserv.com/showthread.php?t=31451 |
#14
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Óâàæàåìûå êîëëåãè, ìíå ñîâåðøåííî íå õîòåëîñü îòêðûâàòü äèñêóññèþ ïî ïðîáëåìå âûáîðà èíôóçèîííûõ ñðåä ïðè ëå÷åíèè øîêà. Ñîîáùåíèå, ñ êîòîðîãî íà÷èíàåòñÿ òåìà, íåñêîëüêî âûðâàíî èç êîíòåêñòà. Èçíà÷àëüíî îíî áûëî îïóáëèêîâàíî â äðóãîì ðàçäåëå ôîðóìà, ãäå îáñóæäàëèñü ïðîáëåìû ðîññèéñêîãî çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ, è ïðåäñòàâëÿëî îäèí èç ïðèìåðîâ íåäîñòàòî÷íîãî îñíàùåíèÿ ËÏÓ äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ýêñòðåííîé ïîìîùè (ïðèìåð áûë âûáðàí ñàìûé ìÿãêèé) è áåççàùèòíîñòè âðà÷à ïåðåä ðàçëè÷íîãî ðîäà àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûìè ðàçáèðàòåëüñòâàìè. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ ïðîáëåìû âûáîðà èíôóçèîííûõ ñðåä ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ êëèíèöèñòà, òåìà äåéñòâèòåëüíî "ñêîëüçêàÿ". Ìíå õîðîøî èçâåñòíû ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ àìåðèêàíñêèõ êîëëåã (áîëþñ 2ë êðèñòàëëîèäîâ), è â ñâîåé ïðàêòèêå ÿ â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïðèäåðæèâàþñü ýòîé òàêòèêè. Íî ïðîáëåìû â ñâîåâðåìåííîì îáåñïå÷åíèè òðàíñôóçèîííûìè ñðåäàìè (ÑÇÏ, ýð.ìàññà, àëüáóìèí), ÷àñòî íå ïîçâîëÿþò ëå÷èòü áîëüíîãî ïî àëãîðèòìàì, ïðåäëàãàåìûì çàðóáåæíûìè êîëëåãàìè.
Åùå ðàç ïðîøó èçâèíèòü çà íåóäà÷íî âûáðàííûé ïðèìåð, ñïðîâîöèðîâàâøèé äèñêóññèþ. |
#15
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Öèòàòà:
The transfusion approach to massive hemorrhage has continually evolved since it began in the early 1900s. It started with fresh whole blood and currently consists of virtually exclusive use of component and crystalloid therapy. Recent US military experience has reinvigorated the debate on what the most optimal transfusion strategy is for patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. In this review we discuss recently described mechanisms that contribute to traumatic coagulopathy, which include increased anti-coagulation factors and hyperfibrinolysis. We also describe the concept of damage control resuscitation (DCR), an early and aggressive prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic shock for patients with severe life-threatening traumatic injuries. The central tenants of DCR include hypotensive resuscitation, rapid surgical control, prevention and treatment of acidosis, hypothermia, and hypocalcemia, avoidance of hemodilution, and hemostatic resuscitation with transfusion of red blood cells, plasma, and platelets in a 1:1:1 unit ratio and the appropriate use of coagulation factors such as rFVIIa and fibrinogen-containing products (fibrinogen concentrates, cryoprecipitate). Fresh whole blood is also part of DCR in locations where it is available. Additional concepts to DCR since its original description that can be considered are the preferential use of "fresh" RBCs, and when available thromboelastography to direct blood product and hemostatic adjunct (anti-fibrinolytics and coagulation factor) administration. --- Blood Rev. 2009 Nov;23(6):231-40. Resuscitation and transfusion principles for traumatic hemorrhagic shock.
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Èñêðåííå, Âàäèì Âàëåðüåâè÷. |