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Сообщение от V. ZAITSEV
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Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency
Children with recurrent infections are among the most frequent types of patients seen by primary care physicians. The number of pediatric patients suspected of having primary or secondary immunodeficiency far exceeds the actual number of cases despite the emergence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Most patients with recurrent infections do not have an identifiable immunodeficiency disorder. A major reason for the apparent high rate of recurrent infections is excessive exposure of infants or children to infectious agents in out-of-home child care and other group settings. In addition, excessive use of antibiotics by physicians has masked the classic presentation of many of the primary immunodeficiency diseases.
Primary care physicians must have a high index of suspicion if defects of the immune system are to be diagnosed early enough that appropriate treatment can be instituted before there is irreversible damage. This problem is made more difficult because none of these defects are screened for currently in the perinatal period or later in childhood, and there is widespread use of antibiotics for respiratory infections, which can mask genetic defects in the immune system.
Evaluation of immune function should be initiated for children with clinical manifestations of a specific immune disorder or with unusual, chronic, or recurrent infections such as (1) two or more systemic or serious bacterial infections (e.g., sepsis, osteomyelitis, or meningitis); (2) three or more serious respiratory or documented bacterial soft tissue infections (e.g., cellulitis, draining otitis media, or lymphadenitis) within 1 yr; (3) infections occurring at unusual sites (e.g., liver or brain abscess); (4) infections with unusual pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus, Serratia marcescens, Nocardia, or Burkholderia cepacia); and (5) infections with common childhood pathogens but of unusual severity.
The screening tests selected for immunologic evaluation should be broadly informative, reliable, and cost effective. Familiarity with certain clinical guidelines aids in the initial selection of tests. Patients with deficiencies of antibodies, phagocytic cells, or complement have recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria. Thus, patients with only repeated viral infections (with the exception of persistent enterovirus infections) are not as likely to have any of these disorders. Children with defects in antibody production, phagocytic cells, or complement proteins may grow and develop normally despite their recurrent infections unless they develop bronchiectasis from repeated lower respiratory tract bacterial infections or have persistent enteroviral infections of the central nervous system. By contrast, patients with deficiencies in T-cell function usually develop opportunistic infections early in life and fail to thrive.
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