#1
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Ïðîáû Ìàíòó
ïîäñêàæèòå ïîæàëóéñòà, êàêèìè äîëæíû áûòü ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîáû Ìàíòó è ðåàêöèè Ïèðêå, â äèñïàíñåðå ñäåëàëè. Ñûíó 10 ëåò, ÷àñòûå áîëåçíè ïðîñòóäíûìè çàáîëåâàíèÿìè, åñòü ñêà÷åê ðàåêöèè Ìàíòó çà ïðåäèäóùèå ïåðèîäû, èç øêîëû îòïðàâèëè ê ôòèçèàòîðó. Íàø òåðàïåâò îñîáîé òðåâîãè íèêîãäà íå âûñêàçûâàëà. È òåïåðü ÿ ïðîñòî ìåñòà íå íàõîæó, à âäðóã ïîëó÷èì íå òîò ðåçóëüòàò. È ÷òîæ? Îí çèìîé ïî÷òè âñå âðåìÿ íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðîñòóæåííîì ñîñòîÿíèè. ß áîþñü, ÷òî âñå ýòî èññëåäîâàíèÿ íå áóäóò äîñòîâåðíûìè.
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#2
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Ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ïðîáîé Ìàíòó ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïàïóëà ðàçìåðîì áîëåå 5 ìì íà 2ÒÅ. Íàðàñòàíèå ðàçìåðà ïàïóëû íà 6 ìì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðåäûäóùèì ãîäîì ðàñöåíèâàåòñÿ êàê âèðàæ ïðîáû. Ðàçìåð ïàïóëû áîëåå 5 ìì ïðè ïðîáå Ïèðêå ðàñöåíèâàåòñÿ êàê ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ. Ïîëîæèòåëüíûå ïðîáû è âèðàæ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò îá èíôèöèðîâàíèè ìèêîáàêòåðèÿìè òóáåðêóëåçà, à èìåííî, î ðàííåì ïåðèîäå ïåðâè÷íîé òóáåðêóëåçíîé èíôåêöèè.
Íåìíîãî î õîðîøåì. Âñå íàñåëåíèå ÐÔ èíôèöèðîâàíî (ò.å. â îðãàíèçìå åñòü ìèêîáàêòåðèè òóáåðêóëåçà (ÌÁÒ)). Íàëè÷èå ÌÁÒ â îðãàíèçìå íå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò îá àêòèâíîé ôîðìå èíôåêöèè è, â ñëó÷àå îòñóòñâèÿ ïîñëåäíåãî, ÷åëîâåê ñ÷èòàåòñÿ çäîðîâûì (è òàê è åñòü, ò.ê. ÌÁÒ èç îðãàíèçìà íå âûâîäÿòñÿ). Ïîýòîìó ïðîáû ó ëèö ñòàðøå 18 ëåò íå ïðîâîäÿòñÿ, ò.ê. îíè ó áîëüøèíñòâà ïîëîæèòåëüíû. Ñàì ïî ñåáå çíà÷åíèå èìååò ïåðâûé êîíòàêò ñ ÌÁÒ ò.ê. âûñîê ðèñê ðàçâèòèÿ àêòèâíîé ôîðìû òóáåðêóëåçà (èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ íàëè÷èÿ ñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî èììóíèòåòà) è ýòî òðåáóåò êîíñóëüòàöèè ôòèçèàòðà è îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ñ öåëüþ ðàííåãî âûÿâëåíèÿ è ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ àêòèâíîé ôîðìû òóáåðêóëåçíîé èíôåêöèè è, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïîêàçàíà õèìèîïðîôèëàêòèêà â òå÷åíèå 3 ìåñ. Çàâåðíóë íåìíîãî.  îáùåì, íå ïóãàéòåñü ïîíàïðàñíó, à èäèòå â òóáäèñïàíñåð è îáñëåäóéòåñü ïî ïðàâèëàì. Âñå áóäåò õîðîøî. |
#3
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Definitions of Positive Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) Results in Infants, Children, and Adolescents (1)
Induration 5 mm Children in close contact with known or suspected contagious cases of tuberculosis disease Children suspected to have tuberculosis disease: • Findings on chest radiograph consistent with active or previously active tuberculosis • Clinical evidence of tuberculosis disease (2) Children receiving immunosuppressive therapy (3) or with immunosuppressive conditions, including HIV infection Induration 10 mm Children at increased risk of disseminated disease: • Those younger than 4 years of age • Those with other medical conditions, including Hodgkin disease, lymphoma, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, or malnutrition Children with increased exposure to tuberculosis disease: • Those born, or whose parents were born, in high-prevalence regions of the world • Those frequently exposed to adults who are HIV infected, homeless, users of illicit drugs, residents of nursing homes, incarcerated or institutionalized, or migrant farm workers • Those who travel to high-prevalence regions of the world Induration 15 mm Children 4 years of age or older without any risk factors HIV indicates human immunodeficiency virus. (1) These definitions apply regardless of previous bacille Calmette-Gu?rin (BCG) immunization (see also Interpretation of TST Results in Previous Recipients of BCG Vaccine); erythema at TST site does not indicate a positive test result. TSTs should be read at 48 to 72 hours after placement. (2) Evidence by physical examination or laboratory assessment that would include tuberculosis in the working differential diagnosis (eg, meningitis). (3) Including immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids (see Corticosteroids). |
#4
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Ïðîäîëæåíèå
Interpretation of TST Results in Previous Recipients of BCG Vaccine
Generally, interpretation of TST results in BCG recipients is the same as for people who have not received BCG vaccine. After BCG immunization, distinguishing between a positive TST result caused by M tuberculosis infection and that caused by BCG can be difficult. Reactivity of the TST after receipt of BCG vaccine does not occur in some patients. The size of the TST reaction (ie, induration) attributable to BCG immunization depends on many factors, including age at BCG immunization, quality and strain of BCG vaccine used, number of doses of BCG received, nutritional and immunologic status of the vaccine recipient, and frequency of TST administration. Disease caused by M tuberculosis should be suspected strongly in any symptomatic person with a positive TST result, regardless of history of BCG immunization. When evaluating an asymptomatic child who has a positive TST result but who possibly received BCG, verification of previous BCG immunization by written documentation or identification of the typical BCG immunization scar should be undertaken. Although a positive TST result never can be proven to be attributable to BCG vaccine, certain factors, such as documented receipt of multiple BCG immunizations (as evidenced by multiple BCG scars), decrease the likelihood that the positive TST result is attributable to LTBI. Evidence that increases the probability that a positive TST result is attributable to LTBI includes known contact with a person with contagious tuberculosis, a family history of tuberculosis, immigration from a country with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, a long interval (>5 years) since the last BCG immunization, and a TST reaction 15 mm. Prompt radiographic evaluation of all children with a positive TST reaction is recommended, regardless of the child’s BCG immunization status. Chest radiographic findings of a granuloma, calcification, or adenopathy can be caused by M tuberculosis but not by BCG immunization. In most situations, an asymptomatic BCG-immunized child with a positive TST result will have normal chest radiograph findings. In such children, LTBI should be assumed and antituberculosis therapy should be initiated to prevent progression to M tuberculosis disease. For some children, such as children recently immunized with BCG, children with documented multiple BCG immunizations, or children who immigrated from a country with a low prevalence of tuberculosis, treatment may not be indicated. In such cases, follow-up should include patient education and awareness of the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis disease. Multiple puncture tests are not recommended, because they lack adequate sensitivity and specificity. --------------------------- Red Book 2003 (Ïîñëåäíÿÿ 26-ÿ ðåäàêöèÿ) |
#5
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Óâàæàåìûé Àëîí!
Íó íå î÷åíü ïîäõîäèò àìåðèêàíñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà äëÿ íàøåé ñòðàíû Íà÷èíàÿ ñ òîãî, ÷òî àìåðèêàíöû â îáùåì-òî îòñòàëè îò íàñ â îáëàñòè ôòèçèàòðèè.  íàøåé ñòðàíå íàêîïëåí èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûé îïûò â äèàãíîñòèêå è ëå÷åíèÿ òóáåðêóëåçà. Òàêîãî íåò íè â îäíîé ñòðàíå (òî ëè â ñèëó áåäíîñòè, òî ëè â ñèëó áîãàòîñòè). ×åãî íàïðèìåð òîëüêî ñòîèò àìåðèêàíñêàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ òóáåðêóëåçà (ïåðâè÷íûé è ðåöèäèâ). À ïîä ïåðâè÷íûì ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ êàê ïðàâèëî î÷àã Ãîíà. Ó íàñ ïîêðó÷å áóäåò. Ìíå íå óäàëîñü íàéòè ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü ïðèåìëèìîé çàðóáåæíîé ëèòåðàòóðû ïî ôòèçèàòðèè (âñå î÷åíü ïðèìèòèâíî). ß Âàñ ïîéìàë!  àìåðèêå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðîáà ñ 5ÒÅ, à ó íàñ ñ 2ÒÅ! Ïîýòîìó è ðàçìåðû ïàïóëû äðóãèå! Áîëåå òîãî, ó íàñ áîëåå ðàçâåðíóòàÿ è ñëîæíàÿ ñõåìà èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ, ó÷èòûâàþùàÿ áîëüøåå êîë-âî âîçìîæíûõ âàðèàíòîâ. Ðàçìåð ïàïóëû òàêæå çàâèñèò îò ñïîñîáà ââåäåíèÿ (íàïðèìåð, ïðè áåçûãîëüíîì ñïîñîáå ïàïóëà ìåíüøå). Êëþ÷ ê ðàííåé äèàãíîñòèêå - åæåãîäíàÿ ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîá è ñðàâíåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ â äèíàìèêå. Ëþáîå íàðàñòàíèå òðåáóåò âíèìàíèÿ. Óâåëè÷åíèå áîëåå ÷åì íà 6 ìì òðàêòóåòñÿ êàê ÿâíî ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ðåçóëüòàò (ñ âûñîêîé ñïåöèôè÷íîñòüþ è ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòüþ). Ïîñòâàêöèíàëüíàÿ àëëåðãèÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðàçìåðà ðóá÷èêà èìååò çíà÷åíèå â òå÷åíèå 1-1.5 ëåò ïîñëå âàêöèíàöèè è èìååò îáÿçàòåëüíóþ òåíäåíöèþ ê óãàñàíèþ ñ âîçðàñòîì.  10 ëåò ïîñòâàêöèíàëüíàÿ àëëåðãèÿ íå ìîæåò áûòü áîëüøå 2 ìì ïàïóëû è ñêîðåå äîæíà áûòü îòðèöàòåëüíîé (îòñóòñòâîâàòü). Ëþáîïûòíî êàê àìåðèêàíöû áóäóò äèôôåðåíöèðîâàòü àëëåðãèþ äðóãîé ýòèîëîãèè (÷åëîâåê-àëëåðãèê). Êðîìå òîãî, âûäåëåíèå ìèêîáàêòåðèé â êà÷åñòâå âåäóùåãî ìåòîäà äèàãíîñòèêè òóáåðêóëåçà ó íàñ ñ÷èòàåòñÿ äèêîñòüþ - ìîæíî ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàòü ìàññó äåñòðóêòèâíûõ ôîðì (ñ÷èòàé îòêðûòûõ) ñ îòðèöàòåëüíûìè ìíîãîêðàòíûìè ðåçóëüòàòàìè ïîñåâà. |
#6
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Ñïàñèáî çà îòâåòû
ìû ñåé÷àñ êàê ðàç è ïðîõîäèì îáñëåäîâàíèå â äèñïàíñåðå ìåíÿ èíòåðåñóåò êàê ðàç âîò ÷òî ïðîáû Ïèðêå ó íåãî âñå ðàçíûõ ðàçìåðîâ, îò ëåãêîãî ïîêðàñíåíèÿ â ìåñòå íàäðåçà äî 10ìì (÷åòâ¸ðòàÿ) è çäåñü êàê ðàç ó ìåíÿ åñòü âîïðîñ, ïî ïîâîäó àëëåðãèè.... èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ýòîì íàïðàâëåíèè íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, íî ïðèçíàêè åñòü è òóò ñàìîå óæàñíîå, ÷òî íà íàøó êîøêó ((( êàê àëëåðãèÿ ìîæåò ïîâëèÿòü íà ýòè èññëåäîâàíèÿ? |
#7
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Öèòàòà:
Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ, Àëåêñåé, õîðîøà íå ñâîåé çàìûñëîâàòîñòüþ, à ðåçóëüòàòàìè åå ïðèìåíåíèÿ. Öèòàòà:
Íó è òàê äàëåå... |
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#8
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ñîáñòâåííî ïðîøó ïðîùåíèÿ, ÷òî ÿ âìåøàëàñü â âàøó äèñêóññèþ
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#9
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ñîáñòâåííî ïðîøó ïðîùåíèÿ, ÷òî ÿ âìåøàëàñü â âàøó äèñêóññèþ
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#10
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maricle, Âû íå ïðèâîäèòå êàê áû êîíêðåòíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ïðîá ÷òîáû ìîæíî áûëî ãîâîðèòü áîëåå òî÷íî. Ê òîìó æå ïåðâîñòåïåííàÿ ðîëü â äèàãíîñòèêå è âûäà÷å çàêëþ÷åíèé ïðèíàäëåæèò ëå÷àùèì âðà÷àì, à íå çàî÷íûì êîíñóëüòàíòàì (íå âèäíî). À òî Âû ìîæåòå ïðèâîäèòü íå ñîâñåì âåðíûå äàííûå (íàïðèìåð, ðàçìåð ãèïåðåìèè, à íå ïàïóëû è íå ÷åðåç 72 ÷àñà è íå ó÷èòûâàòü êîñâåííûå è âòîðîñòåïåííûå ïðèçíàêè) è ìû áóäåì ëèøü òîëüêî íàãíåòàòü îáñòàíîâêó ÷òî íå áóäåò ïîëüçîé.
Íî ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, ó Âàøåãî ðåáåíêà åñòü âèðàæ ïðîáû. Ýòî ãîâîðèò (íó ïî ïðàâäå) î ïåðâîì ñòîëêíîâåíèè ñ èíôåêöèåé è ðàçâèòèè ñïåöèôèöåñêîãî èììóíèòåòà. Åñòü ðèñê ðàçâèòèÿ àêòèâíîãî ïðîöåññà ïîýòîìó ïîëîæåíî îáñëåäîâàíèå. Êàê áû âîò òàê. Ïîíÿòíà Âàøà îáåñïîêîåííîñòü (âñå æå òóáåðêóëåç), íî ñàìî ïî ñåáå íàëè÷èå ìèêîáàêòåðèé â îðãàíèçìå íå åñòü çàáîëåâàíèå. Áîëüøèíñòâî ëþäåé ñ ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ïðîáîé ïðàêòè÷åñêè çäîðîâû. Óâàæàåìûé Àëîí, óìååì ìû è äèàãíîñòèðîâàòü è ëå÷èòü òóáåðêóëåç. È â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñî âñåìè ñòàíäàðòàìè è ïðàâèëàìè è ëó÷øå. À ïî÷åìó ó íàñ çàáîëåâàåìîñòü âûøå - òàê òóáåðêóëåç áîëåçíü ñîöèàëüíàÿ. Âåäóùèé ìåòîä äèàãîíîñòèêè - ëó÷åâîé. Ñêàæèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, êàêèì îáðàçîì â Èçðàèëå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ âûÿâëåíèå áîëüíûõ? ß òàê ïîíèìàþ íè òóáåðêóëèíîäèàãíîñòèêà íè ôëþðîãðàôèÿ â Èçðàèëå íå íàëàæåíà? |
#11
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Öèòàòà:
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Lead, follow, or get out of the way. — Thomas Paine |
#12
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Òàê. Ñòîï. Âèäèìî ÿ ÷åãî-òî â øêîëå ïðîïóñòèë, à èìåííî ëåêöèþ ïî îöåíêå ïðîáû Ìàíòó.
Öèòàòà:
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#13
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Aminazinka, íó ýòî Âû, êîíå÷íî, "äàëè ìàõó". Ïàïóëà 15 ìì ìîæåò ðàñöåíèâàòüñÿ êàê íåñïåöèôè÷åñêàÿ èëè ïîñòâàêöèíàëüíàÿ òîëüêî â òå÷åíèè ãîäà ïîñëå ÁÖÆ è ïðè ðàçìåðå ðóá÷èêà â 10 ìì. Íåñïåöèôè÷åñêàÿ àëëåðãèÿ ñîõðàíÿåò ñâîþ âûðàæåííîñòü â òå÷åíèè äèíàìè÷åñêîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ è íåñïåöèôè÷åñêîé àëëåðãèåé ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü èçìåíåíèÿ ðàçìåðîâ ïàïóëû äî 5 ìì (2-4 ìì). Ïîñëå 6 ëåò, êîãäà ïîñòâàêöèíàëüíàÿ àëëåðãèÿ ñõîäèò íà íåò, ïàïóëó áîëåå 5 ìì òðóäíî îáúÿñíèòü íåñïåöèôèöåñêîé àëëåðãèåé. Óâåëè÷åíèå ïàïóëû çà ãîä áîëåå ÷åì íà 6 ìì ðàñöåíèâàåòñÿ êàê ïåðâè÷íîå èíôèöèðîâàíèå.
Ïðè îòñóòñâèè ïàïóëû îöåíèâàåòñÿ ðàçìåð ãèïåðåìèè. Ïðè íå÷åòêèõ ãðàíèöàõ ïàïóëû ìîæíî ïîïðîáîâàòü îöåíèòü òîëùèíó êîæíîé ñêëàäêè. Êàê âàðèàíò ïðîáà áûëà íåïðàâèëüíî ïîñòàâëåíà èëè îöåíêà ïðîèçâîäèëàñü íå â òå ñðîêè, ÷òî ñàìî ïî ñåáå òðóäíî ïðåäñòàâèòü, íî ìîæíî ïîñòàâèòü ïðîáó åùå ðàç. Åñòü äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ïðèçíàêè êàê îêðàñêà, íàïðÿæåííîñòü, ÷åòêîñòü êîíòóðîâ, îñòàòî÷íàÿ ïèãìåíòàöèÿ. Ïðè èíôåêöèîííîé àëëåðãèè ïàïóëà ÿðêî-êðàñíàÿ, íàïðÿæåííàÿ, ñ ÷åòêèìè ãðàíèöàìè è ñ îñòàòî÷íîé ïèãìåíòàöèåé. |
#14
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Àëåêñåé!
Âû âèäèìî íåäîñòàòî÷íî ïðîøòóäèðîâàëè íàøåé ðîäíîé ëèòåðàòóðû èëè ìàëî âèäåëè ìàìàø è èõ äåòåé, êîòîðûå íå ñîáëþäàþò ïðàâèëà "íå òðîãàòü ìåñòà èíúåêöèè è íå êóøàòü ïðîâîöèðóþùèõ àëëåðãèþ ïðîäóêòîâ", åñëè íàñòîëüêî óâåðåíû â ìîåì "ìàõå". Êàïëÿ âîäû è âûòèðàíèå ïîëîòåíöåì äåëàåò ïðîáó Ìàíòó íåèíôîðìàòèâíîé è íåñåò ìàññó ãîëîâíîé áîëè è âðà÷ó è ðîäèòåëÿì. Óæ î êîíôåòêàõ - øîêîëàäêàõ è âñÿêèõ êëóáíè÷êàõ âîîáùå ðå÷è íåò... Òàê ÷òî ðàñïîçíàâàíèå ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ âèðàæà ïî âèäó ìåñòà èíúåêöèè - ýòî â êíèæêàõ òàêîå ïèøóò. À ïî ôàêòó êó÷à âñÿêîãî ðàçíîãî â æèçíè ïðîèñõîäèò. Ïîýòîìó çíàòü ïðî áóñòåð-ïðîáó íèêàê íå ëèøíåå.
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Lead, follow, or get out of the way. — Thomas Paine |
#15
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Äåéñòâèòåëüíî íè â îòå÷åñòâåííîé íè â çàðóáåæíîé ëèòåðåàòóðå (ñì.âûøå) òàêîãî íå âñòðåòèøü ïîñêîëüêó òðóäíî îáúÿñíèòü ðàçâèòèå ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé èììóííîé ðåàêöèè îò "êàïëè âîäû è âûòèðàíèÿ ïîëîòåíöåì" íå ãîâîðÿ óæ î "øîêîëàäêàõ è êëóáíè÷êàõ"
Åñëè åñòü "ñîìíåíèÿ", òî ìîæíî ïðîâåñòè ïîâòîðíóþ ïðîáó ÷åðåç íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ ñ "äîïîëíèòåëüíûìè îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè". Ê íåÿñíûì æå ñëó÷àÿì îòíîñÿò îòñóòñòâèå óãàñàíèÿ òóáåðêóëèíîâîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè èëè åå íåçíà÷èòåëüíîå (2-4 ìì) óâåëè÷åíèå.  ñëó÷àå èíôèöèðîâàíèÿ ïðè ïîâòîðíûõ ïðîáàõ ðàçìåð èíôèëüòðàòà îñòàåòñÿ íåèçìåííûì èëè íàðàñòàåò. |